The overall aim of the current study was to test the hypotheses that (i) antibiotic resistance in bacteria were more frequent in clinically health pigs in intensified company owned, medium-scale farms (MSFs) (100–500 sows) than in pigs in family-owned, small-scale farms (SSFs) (1–50 sows) and (ii) that farmers working at the MSFs were more prone to attain antibiotic resistant bacteria than farmers working at SSFs. The study was conducted in North-Eastern Thailand, comprising fecal Escherichia coli isolates from pigs, farmers working with the pigs (contact humans) and persons living in the same household as the farmer (non-contact humans) at 51 MSFs and 113 SSFs. Samples from all farms were also screened for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which was not detected in pig samples, but was found in one human sample. Susceptibility was tested by disc-diffusion for seven antibiotics commonly used in the study area. Resistance in pig isolates from MSFs were more frequent for chloramphenicol which (P < 0.001), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P < 0.001) and gentamicin (P < 0.05) compared with isolates from SSFs, whereas the opposite was true for tetracycline (P < 0.01). Resistance in the human isolates was lower than those in the isolates from pigs for tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol (P < 0.001). The frequency of resistance in the contact human samples from SSFs and MSFs did not differ. There was no difference between isolates from contact and non-contact humans for any of the tested antibiotics. Multidrug resistance in isolates from pigs was 26%, significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the 13% from humans. The data indicate that (i) resistance to antibiotics, including those critical and highly important for human medicine, were more common in fecal E. coli from pigs at the MSFs than at the SSFs, whereas (ii) the resistance in fecal E. coli from pig farmers seemed not to be influenced by the level of intensification of the farm they were working at.

中文翻译：

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不同集约化程度的农场中人和猪粪便中大肠杆菌的耐药性


本研究的总体目的是检验以下假设：(i) 集约化公司拥有的中等规模农场 (MSF)（100-500 头母猪）中临床健康的猪比家庭饲养的猪更常见细菌抗生素耐药性- 自有的小型农场 (SSF)（1-50 头母猪）以及 (ii) 在 MSF 工作的农民比在 SSF 工作的农民更容易获得抗生素耐药性细菌。该研究在泰国东北部进行，研究对象包括猪、与猪一起工作的农民（接触者）以及与农民生活在同一家庭的人（非接触者），这些人来自 51 个无国界医生组织和 113 个无国界医生组织的粪便中分离出的大肠杆菌。还对所有农场的样本进行了耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA) 筛查，该细菌在猪样本中未检测到，但在一份人类样本中发现。通过纸片扩散法测试了研究区域常用的七种抗生素的敏感性。与 SSF 分离株相比，猪 MSF 分离株对氯霉素 ( P < 0.001)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶/磺胺甲恶唑 ( P < 0.001) 和庆大霉素 ( P < 0.05) 的耐药性更常见，而对四环素则相反 ( P < 0.01) ）。人分离株对四环素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑和氯霉素的耐药性低于猪分离株（ P < 0.001）。来自 SSF 和 MSF 的接触人体样本中的耐药频率没有差异。对于任何测试的抗生素，接触和非接触人类的分离株之间没有差异。猪分离株的多重耐药率为 26%，显着较高（ P < 0.01) 高于人类的 13%。数据表明，(i) 对抗生素的耐药性，包括那些对人类医学至关重要和高度重要的抗生素，在无国界医生组织猪的粪便大肠杆菌中比在小规模猪场中更常见，而 (ii) 粪便大肠杆菌中的耐药性养猪户的收入似乎不受他们所在农场的集约化水平的影响。