Culverts allow roads to safely traverse small streams or drainage ditches, and their proper design is critical to ensure a safe and reliable transportation network. A correct modelization of these hydraulic structures becomes crucial in the assessment of flood footprints or discharge peak estimation in a risk evaluation plan. The question of how to include culverts comes up frequently when assembling a hydraulic model that requires the presence of as many singular elements as possible. In this work, three different culvert integrations with the surface domain are studied and compared in the context of a 2D shallow water (SW) model. All of them are based on the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) formulation for the culvert discharge estimation but differ in complexity and in the interaction with the numerical model for surface flow, some of them as internal boundary conditions. Several steady and unsteady validation test cases are presented and the numerical results are compared with the predictions from HEC-RAS 1D and HY-8 software. The culvert area, shape and their sensitivity to the 2D computational mesh is also analyzed.

涵洞使道路可以安全地穿越小溪流或排水沟，其适当的设计对于确保安全可靠的运输网络至关重要。这些水力结构的正确建模对于风险评估计划中的洪水足迹评估或流量峰值估算至关重要。在装配需要尽可能多的奇异元素的水力模型时，经常会出现如何包含涵洞的问题。在这项工作中，在二维浅水（SW）模型的背景下，研究并比较了三种不同的涵洞与地表的积分。所有这些都是基于联邦公路管理局（FHWA）的涵洞流量估算公式，但是在复杂性以及与地面流数值模型的交互作用方面有所不同，其中一些作为内部边界条件。给出了几个稳定和不稳定的验证测试案例，并将数值结果与HEC-RAS 1D和HY-8软件的预测结果进行了比较。还分析了涵洞面积，形状及其对二维计算网格的敏感性。