Context With the expansion in urbanization, understanding how biodiversity responds to the altered landscape becomes a major concern. Most studies focus on habitat effects on biodiversity, yet much less attention has been paid to surrounding landscape matrices and their joint effects. Objective We investigated how habitat and landscape matrices affect waterbird diversity across scales in the Yangtze River Floodplain, a typical area with high biodiversity and severe human-wildlife conflict. Methods The compositional and structural features of the landscape were calculated at fine and coarse scales. The ordinary least squares regression model was adopted, following a test showing no significant spatial autocorrelation in the spatial lag and spatial error models, to estimate the relationship between landscape metrics and waterbird diversity. Results Well-connected grassland and shrub surrounded by isolated and regular-shaped developed area maintained higher waterbird diversity at fine scales. Regular-shaped developed area and cropland, irregular-shaped forest, and aggregated distribution of wetland and shrub positively affected waterbird diversity at coarse scales. Conclusions Habitat and landscape matrices jointly affected waterbird diversity. Regular-shaped developed area facilitated higher waterbird diversity and showed the most pronounced effect at coarse scales. The conservation efforts should not only focus on habitat quality and capacity, but also habitat connectivity and complexity when formulating development plans. We suggest planners minimize the expansion of the developed area into critical habitats and leave buffers to maintain habitat connectivity and shape complexity to reduce the disturbance to birds. Our findings provide important insights and practical measures to protect biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes.

中文翻译：

---

生境及周边基质对长江漫滩水鸟多样性的多尺度效应

背景 随着城市化的扩大，了解生物多样性如何对改变的景观做出反应成为一个主要问题。大多数研究关注栖息地对生物多样性的影响，但很少关注周围的景观矩阵及其联合效应。目的 我们调查了生境和景观矩阵如何影响长江泛滥平原的水鸟多样性，长江泛滥平原是一个典型的生物多样性高、人与野生动物冲突严重的地区。方法在精细和粗略尺度上计算景观的组成和结构特征。采用普通最小二乘回归模型，在空间滞后和空间误差模型中没有显着空间自相关的测试后，估计景观指标与水鸟多样性之间的关系。结果 被孤立且形状规则的开发区包围的连接良好的草地和灌木在精细尺度上保持了较高的水鸟多样性。规则形状的发达地区和耕地、不规则形状的森林以及湿地和灌木的聚集分布对粗尺度的水鸟多样性产生积极影响。结论 栖息地和景观矩阵共同影响了水鸟的多样性。规则形状的发达区域促进了更高的水鸟多样性，并且在粗尺度上表现出最显着的效果。在制定发展计划时，保护工作不仅应关注栖息地的质量和容量，还应关注栖息地的连通性和复杂性。我们建议规划者尽量减少开发区向关键栖息地的扩张，并留出缓冲区以保持栖息地的连通性和形状的复杂性，以减少对鸟类的干扰。我们的发现为保护人类主导景观中的生物多样性提供了重要的见解和实际措施。