The poly(vinyl alcohol)-assisted sol-gel-self-propagation route has been used for the synthesis of porous binary metal oxide nanocomposites (BMONCs) and ternary metal oxide nanocomposites (TMONCs). The effects of synthesis techniques, precursor’s type, amount of PVA loading, and precursor’s percentage were studied. The optical, chemical bonding, crystallinity, morphological, textural, and electrochemical properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by UV-vis-DRS/UV-vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM/EDX and TEM/HRTEM/SAED, BET, and CV/EIS techniques, respectively. The porous nature of the materials was confirmed by SEM, BET, and SAED analytical techniques. Using XRD and TEM analysis, the approximate particle size of the materials was confirmed to be in the nanometer range (~7-70 nm). The EDX and HRTEM analysis was confirming the presence of predictable composition and actuality of the composites, respectively. Moving from bare ZnO to ternary nanocomposites, the great morphological, surface area, and electrochemical property enhancement was confirmed. The charge transfer capability order was obtained to be ZnO/Fe₂O₃/Mn₂O₃ > ZnO/Fe₂O₃ > ZnO/Mn₂O₃ > ZnO. The respective approximate electron transfer resistance value is 7, 25, 61, and 65 Ω. Therefore, this work can improve the toxicity towards solvent used, surface area to volume ratio, and aggregation/agglomeration problem and also enhance the charge transfer capability due to the heterojunction.

中文翻译：

---

PVA辅助金属氧化物纳米材料的合成与表征：表面积，孔隙率和电化学性能的改善

聚乙烯醇辅助的溶胶-凝胶自蔓延路线已用于合成多孔二元金属氧化物纳米复合材料（BMONC）和三元金属氧化物纳米复合材料（TMONC）。研究了合成技术，前驱体类型，PVA负载量和前驱体百分比的影响。通过UV-vis-DRS / UV-vis，FT-IR，XRD，SEM / EDX和TEM / HRTEM / SAED，BET等表征了合成材料的光学，化学键合，结晶度，形态，结构和电化学性能。和CV / EIS技术。通过SEM，BET和SAED分析技术证实了材料的多孔性。使用XRD和TEM分析，确认材料的近似粒径在纳米范围内（约7-70 nm）。EDX和HRTEM分析分别证实了复合材料可预测的成分和存在性。从裸露的ZnO转移到三元纳米复合材料，已证实其具有很大的形貌，表面积和电化学性能。得到的电荷转移能力顺序为ZnO / Fe₂ O ₃ / Mn ₂ O ₃  > ZnO / Fe ₂ O ₃  > ZnO / Mn ₂ O ₃  > ZnO。各自的近似电子转移电阻值为7，25，61和 65Ω。因此，这项工作可以改善对所用溶剂的毒性，表面积与体积之比以及聚集/聚结问题，并由于异质结而增强电荷转移能力。