Lactococcus lactis serves as a paradigm organism for the lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Extensive research into the molecular biology, metabolism and physiology of several model strains of this species has been fundamental for our understanding of the LAB. Genomic studies have provided new insights into the species L. lactis, including the resolution of the genetic basis of its subspecies division, as well as the control mechanisms involved in the fine-tuning of growth rate and energy metabolism. In addition, it has enabled novel approaches to study lactococcal lifestyle adaptations to the dairy application environment, including its adjustment to near-zero growth rates that are particularly relevant in the context of cheese ripening. This review highlights various insights in these areas and exemplifies the strength of combining experimental evolution with functional genomics and bacterial physiology research to expand our fundamental understanding of the L. lactis lifestyle under different environmental conditions.

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乳酸乳球菌的生活方式，代谢和环境适应

乳酸乳球菌是乳酸菌（LAB）的范例生物。对该物种的几种模型菌株的分子生物学，代谢和生理学的广泛研究，对于我们对LAB的理解至关重要。基因组研究提供了对乳酸乳球菌物种的新见解包括解决其亚种分裂的遗传基础，以及调控生长速率和能量代谢的控制机制。此外，它还提供了新颖的方法来研究乳球菌的生活方式对乳业应用环境的适应性，包括将其调整为接近零的增长率，这在奶酪成熟的过程中尤其重要。这篇综述突出了在这些领域的各种见解，并举例说明了将实验进化与功能基因组学和细菌生理学研究相结合的力量，以扩大我们对不同环境条件下乳酸乳球菌生活方式的基本了解。