Biogenic reefs are known worldwide to play a key role in benthic ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at every level, from shallow to deeper waters. Unfortunately, several stressors threaten these vulnerable systems. The widespread presence of marine litter represents one of these. The harmful effects of marine litter on several organisms are known so far. However, only in the last decade, there was increasingly scientific and public attention on the impacts on reef organisms and habitats caused by litter accumulating on the seafloor. This review aims to synthesize literature and discuss the state of current knowledge on the interactions between marine litter and reef organisms in a strongly polluted basin, the Mediterranean Sea. The multiple impacts (e.g., entanglement, ghost-fishing, coverage, etc.) of litter on reef systems, the list of species impacted, and the main litter categories were identified, and a map of the knowledge available so far on this topic was provided. Seventy-eight taxa resulted impacted by marine litter on Mediterranean reefs, and the majority belonged to the phylum Cnidaria (41%), including endangered species like the red coral (Corallium rubrum) and the madrepora coral (Madrepora oculata). Entanglement, caused mainly by abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), was the most frequent impact, playing a detrimental effect mainly on coralligenous arborescent species and cold-water corals (CWCs). The information was spatially heterogeneous, with some areas almost uncovered by scientific studies (e.g., the Aegean-Levantine Sea and the Southern Mediterranean Sea). Although many legal and policy frameworks have been established to tackle this issue [e.g., marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) and the Barcelona Convention], several gaps still exist concerning the assessment of the impact of marine litter on marine organisms, and in particular on reefs. There is a need for harmonized and standardized monitoring protocols for the collection of quantitative data to assess the impact of litter on reefs and animal forests. At the same time, urgent management measures limiting, for instance, the impact of ALDFG and other marine litter are needed to preserve these valuable and vulnerable marine ecosystems.

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海洋垃圾对地中海珊瑚礁系统的影响：从浅水到深水

众所周知，生物礁在底栖生态系统中发挥着关键作用，在从浅水到深水的各个层面增强生物多样性和生态系统功能。不幸的是，一些压力源威胁着这些脆弱的系统。海洋垃圾的广泛存在就是其中之一。目前已知海洋垃圾对多种生物的有害影响。然而，仅在最近十年，垃圾堆积在海底对珊瑚礁生物和栖息地造成的影响越来越受到科学和公众的关注。本综述旨在综合文献并讨论当前关于地中海污染严重的盆地中海洋垃圾与珊瑚礁生物之间相互作用的知识状态。多重影响（例如纠缠、幽灵钓鱼、覆盖等）。) 珊瑚礁系统上的垃圾、受影响的物种列表和主要的垃圾类别被确定，并提供了迄今为止关于该主题的可用知识地图。地中海珊瑚礁上的海洋垃圾影响了 78 个分类群，其中大部分属于刺胞动物门 (41%)，包括濒危物种，如红珊瑚 (Corallium rubrum) 和 madrepora 珊瑚 (Madrepora oculata)。主要由废弃、丢失或以其他方式丢弃的渔具 (ALDFG) 造成的缠结是最常见的影响，主要对珊瑚树栖物种和冷水珊瑚 (CWC) 产生不利影响。这些信息在空间上是异质的，有些地区几乎没有被科学研究发现（例如，爱琴海-黎凡特海和南地中海）。虽然已经建立了许多法律和政策框架来解决这个问题[例如，海洋战略框架指令 (MSFD) 和巴塞罗那公约]，但在评估海洋垃圾对海洋生物的影响方面仍然存在一些差距，特别是在礁石。需要统一和标准化的监测协议来收集定量数据，以评估垃圾对珊瑚礁和动物森林的影响。与此同时，需要采取紧急管理措施来限制例如遗弃、丢失或以其他方式丢弃渔具和其他海洋垃圾的影响，以保护这些宝贵而脆弱的海洋生态系统。在评估海洋垃圾对海洋生物，特别是对珊瑚礁的影响方面仍然存在一些差距。需要统一和标准化的监测协议来收集定量数据，以评估垃圾对珊瑚礁和动物森林的影响。与此同时，需要采取紧急管理措施来限制例如遗弃、丢失或以其他方式丢弃渔具和其他海洋垃圾的影响，以保护这些宝贵而脆弱的海洋生态系统。在评估海洋垃圾对海洋生物，特别是对珊瑚礁的影响方面仍然存在一些差距。需要统一和标准化的监测协议来收集定量数据，以评估垃圾对珊瑚礁和动物森林的影响。与此同时，需要采取紧急管理措施来限制例如遗弃、丢失或以其他方式丢弃渔具和其他海洋垃圾的影响，以保护这些宝贵而脆弱的海洋生态系统。