Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized. However, more recently, new neurons have also been found in other brain regions of the adult mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala. While some studies have suggested that these new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within these brain regions, others have shown the migration of neurons from the SVZ to these regions. Notably, it has been shown that the generation of new neurons in these brain regions is impacted by neurologic processes such as stroke/ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, numerous factors such as neurotrophic support, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, and stem cell therapy can modulate this endogenous process. While the presence and significance of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (and particularly outside of the classical neurogenic regions) is still an area of debate, this intrinsic neurogenic potential and its possible regulation through therapeutic measures present an exciting alternative for the treatment of several neurologic conditions. This review summarizes evidence in support of the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain and discusses the functional significance of these new neurons as well as the factors that regulate their production. Finally, it also discusses the potential clinical applications of promoting neurogenesis outside of the classical neurogenic niches, particularly in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and amygdala.

令人信服的证据一再表明，哺乳动物的大脑到成年期都会产生新的神经元。成人神经发生在海马体和室下区 (SVZ) 得到了最好的描述，其中神经元发育的一系列不同阶段已得到很好的表征。然而，最近，在成年哺乳动物大脑的其他大脑区域也发现了新的神经元，包括下丘脑、纹状体、黑质、皮质和杏仁核。虽然一些研究表明这些新神经元源自位于这些大脑区域内的内源干细胞库，但其他研究表明神经元从 SVZ 迁移到这些区域。值得注意的是，研究表明这些大脑区域新神经元的生成受到中风/缺血和神经退行性疾病等神经系统过程的影响。此外，神经营养支持、药物干预、环境暴露和干细胞治疗等许多因素可以调节这种内源性过程。虽然人脑中成人神经发生的存在和重要性（特别是在经典神经发生区域之外）仍然是一个争论领域，但这种内在的神经发生潜力及其通过治疗措施可能进行的调节为治疗多种神经系统疾病提供了一种令人兴奋的替代方案。状况。这篇综述总结了支持哺乳动物大脑内存在经典和新型神经发生区的证据，并讨论了这些新神经元的功能意义以及调节其产生的因素。 最后，它还讨论了促进经典神经源性生态位之外的神经发生的潜在临床应用，特别是在下丘脑、皮质、纹状体、黑质和杏仁核中。