The enhancement of water efficiency requires controlling the high demand for irrigated agriculture which depends on improving the capabilities to accurately simulate the water cycle and its components. Among these, evapotranspiration is widely studied to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0) but the performance and accuracy of the estimates vary. Moreover, these estimates require some hardly available or misrepresentative meteorological data which lead, mainly in arid and semi-arid areas, to errors and inaccuracies. Here, ET0 of five empirical temperature-based estimates are compared to the standard FAO Penman–Monteith estimate (ET0-PM) under the representative and wide-ranging settings of 22 weather stations of Morocco. We found a significant positive correlation between ET0-PM and solar radiation, average and maximum air temperatures. We have determined that the Dorji estimate shows relatively better precision and stability while it requires advanced calibration to accommodate arid and semi-arid conditions. After hundreds of calibration repetitions, we concluded a new estimate (ET0-Hadria) which demonstrates an overall improvement in the quality and precision of ET0 assessment, mainly in flat areas. This estimate improved the precision and enhanced the precision in almost 68% of the stations. This simple calibrated estimate is an accurate, improved, and transferable tool achieved through a precise methodical process of selection and configuration.

中文翻译：

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不同参考蒸散模型对干旱和半干旱地区拟合校准的比较评估

提高用水效率需要控制对灌溉农业的高需求，这取决于提高准确模拟水循环及其组成部分的能力。其中，蒸散量被广泛研究以估计参考蒸散量 (ET0)，但估计的性能和准确性各不相同。此外，这些估计需要一些难以获得或具有误导性的气象数据，这主要在干旱和半干旱地区导致错误和不准确。在这里，在摩洛哥 22 个气象站的代表性和广泛设置下，将五个基于经验的温度估计的 ET0 与标准的粮农组织 Penman-Monteith 估计 (ET0-PM) 进行了比较。我们发现 ET0-PM 与太阳辐射、平均和最高气温之间存在显着的正相关。我们已经确定 Dorji 估计显示出相对更好的精度和稳定性，同时它需要高级校准以适应干旱和半干旱条件。经过数百次校准重复，我们得出了一个新的估计值 (ET0-Hadria)，它表明 ET0 评估的质量和精度得到了全面提高，主要是在平坦地区。这一估计提高了精度，并提高了近 68% 台站的精度。这种简单的校准估计是一种准确、改进和可转移的工具，通过精确的有条理的选择和配置过程实现。我们得出了一个新的估计 (ET0-Hadria)，它表明 ET0 评估的质量和精确度得到了全面提高，主要是在平坦地区。这一估计提高了精度，并提高了近 68% 台站的精度。这种简单的校准估计是一种准确、改进和可转移的工具，通过精确的有条理的选择和配置过程实现。我们得出了一个新的估计 (ET0-Hadria)，它表明 ET0 评估的质量和精确度得到了全面提高，主要是在平坦地区。这一估计提高了精度，并提高了近 68% 台站的精度。这种简单的校准估计是一种准确、改进和可转移的工具，通过精确的有条理的选择和配置过程实现。