Abstract Wheat-rice cropping system has several negative effects on sustainability factors like underground water, soil structure, nutrient availability, soil organic carbon and productivity. In order to alleviate the obstacles of intensive cultivation of wheat-rice system, the impact of different cropping systems, viz., wheat-rice (W-R), lentil-rice (L–R), potato-green graM–Rice (P-Gg-R), mustard-rice (M–R) and wheat-green gram-pearl millet (W-Gg-Pm) on microbial diversity, soil quality and crop yields in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India was assessed. The W-Gg-Pm compared to first year, exhibited an increasing patterns of wheat and green gram yields by 6.51 and 7.04 % in second year, and 8.99 and 26.8 % in third year cropping sequence. The P-Gg-R system recorded the highest rice equivalent yield (17.4 t ha−1), N and K uptake, partial factor productivity and microbial diversity. Significant changes in most of the microbial activities, soil enzymes, water holding capacity, soil organic carbon, total C and N, C: N ratio and cation exchange capacity was recorded. Inclusion of legumes in rice or wheat -based cropping systems recorded significantly higher microbial and enzymatic activities, soil quality and crop yields. The highest physical, chemical and biological properties were observed in L–R system, closely followed by W-Gg-R, and the lowest in M–R system. The L–R system enhanced SOC by 11.6, 4.64, 4.64 and 2.48 % over M–R, W-R, W-Gg-Pm and P-Gg-R, respectively, while P-Gg-R system recorded the highest substrate oxidation rates (0.076 OD h−1), which was 22.4 % better to M–R system. The L–R system had the highest (0.844) soil quality index, while it was the lowest (0.727) in M–R system. Share of the minimum data set towards the improvement of soil quality index was in the order of water holding capacity (29.2 %)>total carbon (25.4 %)>soil pH (12.9 %)>total culturable fungi (12.3 %). A non-significant correlation was recorded between soil quality index and rice equivalent yield that could be due to different yield potentials of test crops. It is concluded that potato-green gram-rice and wheat-green gram-pearl millet could be an alternate system to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles of wheat-rice system.

中文翻译：

---

种植系统影响印度恒河平原的微生物多样性、土壤质量和作物产量

摘要 小麦-水稻种植制度对地下水、土壤结构、养分有效性、土壤有机碳和生产力等可持续性因素有若干负面影响。为了缓解小麦-水稻系统集约化种植的障碍，不同种植制度的影响，即小麦-水稻（WR）、扁豆-水稻（L-R）、马铃薯-绿克-水稻（P- Gg-R)、芥子米 (M-R) 和小麦-绿克-珍珠粟 (W-Gg-Pm) 对印度-恒河平原的微生物多样性、土壤质量和作物产量进行了评估。与第一年相比，W-Gg-Pm 表现出小麦和绿克产量在第二年分别增加 6.51 和 7.04 %，在第三年种植顺序中分别增加 8.99 和 26.8 % 的模式。P-Gg-R 系统记录了最高的水稻当量产量（17.4 t ha-1）、N 和 K 吸收量，部分要素生产力和微生物多样性。大多数微生物活动、土壤酶、持水能力、土壤有机碳、总碳和氮、碳：氮比和阳离子交换能力发生了显着变化。在以水稻或小麦为基础的种植系统中加入豆类可显着提高微生物和酶活性、土壤质量和作物产量。在 L-R 系统中观察到最高的物理、化学和生物特性，其次是 W-Gg-R，在 M-R 系统中最低。与 M-R、WR、W-Gg-Pm 和 P-Gg-R 相比，L-R 系统分别将 SOC 提高了 11.6、4.64、4.64 和 2.48%，而 P-Gg-R 系统记录了最高的底物氧化率(0.076 OD h-1)，比 M-R 系统好 22.4%。L-R 系统的土壤质量指数最高（0.844），最低（0.844）。727) 在 M-R 系统中。用于改善土壤质量指数的最小数据集的份额顺序为持水量 (29.2%)> 总碳 (25.4%)> 土壤 pH (12.9%)> 总可培养真菌 (12.3%)。土壤质量指数与水稻当量产量之间的相关性不显着，这可能是由于试验作物的产量潜力不同。结论：马铃薯-绿克-水稻和小麦-绿克-珍珠粟可以作为缓解小麦-水稻系统连作障碍的替代体系。土壤质量指数与水稻当量产量之间的相关性不显着，这可能是由于试验作物的产量潜力不同。结论：马铃薯-绿克-水稻和小麦-绿克-珍珠粟可以作为缓解小麦-水稻系统连作障碍的替代体系。土壤质量指数与水稻当量产量之间的相关性不显着，这可能是由于试验作物的产量潜力不同。结论：马铃薯-绿克-水稻和小麦-绿克-珍珠粟可以作为缓解小麦-水稻系统连作障碍的替代体系。