Abstract The role of biodiversity in plant breeding needs to be reconsidered to cope with the complexity, location specificity and combined challenges of climate change, human population increase, human health and food security, safety and sovereignty. From a biological viewpoint, heterogeneous plant populations derived from evolutionary plant breeding may address most of these grand challenges. Field trials were conducted over four years and four locations under organic farming conditions to test the hypothesis that evolutionary populations planted in contrasting locations, evolve adapting to the local conditions and becoming distinct from one another. The experiment also included mixtures, landraces and a modern variety of bread wheat. The results show evidence of divergent selection for grain yield under the sole effect of natural selection by which the best performing evolutionary populations yielded as much or more than the commercial variety. Farmers' selection within one of the evolutionary populations was effective in improving yield and yield stability above those of the original population across years and locations. Farmers' preference was not always associated with grain yield and was not gender dependent. We conclude that evolutionary populations are able to gradually evolve, adapting to each environment in which their seed is multiplied, reaching high and stable yield levels thus ensuring income to farmers, both as seed and as grain.

中文翻译：

---

面包小麦进化种群的产量、产量稳定性和农民偏好：气候变化的动态解决方案

摘要 需要重新考虑生物多样性在植物育种中的作用，以应对气候变化、人口增长、人类健康和粮食安全、安全和主权的复杂性、地点特异性和综合挑战。从生物学的角度来看，源自进化植物育种的异质植物种群可以解决大部分这些重大挑战。田间试验在有机耕作条件下在四个地点进行了四年多，以检验进化种群种植在不同地点、进化适应当地条件并变得彼此不同的假设。该实验还包括混合物、地方品种和现代品种的面包小麦。结果表明，在自然选择的唯一作用下，谷物产量的不同选择的证据表明，表现最好的进化种群的产量与商业品种一样多或更多。农民在进化种群之一内的选择有效地提高了产量和产量稳定性，高于原始种群的跨年份和跨地区。农民的偏好并不总是与粮食产量相关，也与性别无关。我们得出结论，进化种群能够逐渐进化，适应其种子繁殖的每种环境，达到高而稳定的产量水平，从而确保农民的收入，包括种子和粮食。在进化种群之一中进行选择可以有效地提高产量和产量稳定性，高于原始种群跨年份和地点的产量和产量稳定性。农民的偏好并不总是与粮食产量相关，也与性别无关。我们得出结论，进化种群能够逐渐进化，适应其种子繁殖的每种环境，达到高而稳定的产量水平，从而确保农民的收入，包括种子和粮食。在进化种群之一中进行选择可以有效地提高产量和产量稳定性，高于原始种群跨年份和地点的产量和产量稳定性。农民的偏好并不总是与粮食产量相关，也与性别无关。我们得出结论，进化种群能够逐渐进化，适应其种子繁殖的每种环境，达到高而稳定的产量水平，从而确保农民的收入，包括种子和粮食。