Increasing studies have revealed strong links among gut microbiota, health status, and shrimp development, but they mainly focus on the microbiota of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, during life stages from juveniles to adults. Little is known about shrimp microbiota dynamics at early developmental stages. In this study, with an aim to profile shrimp microbiota and its dynamics at stages nauplius, zoea, mysis, and early postlarva, we conducted a survey for the successful breeding processes in a commercial hatchery in China, sampled 33 samples including larval/postlarval shrimp, suspended substance in rearing water (SSRW), and nutrition supplements (i.e., algae and brine shrimp larvae) at stages N5, Z2, M2, and P2. The associated bacterial communities were sequenced and comparatively analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Our case study results showed that bacterial community structures and compositions were strikingly different at stages N5, Z2, and P2, indicating the shift of microbiota at the three stages. Many taxa within Gamma-, Alphaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriia classes were observed to be stage-specifically abundant and identified as taxonomic biomarkers potentially used to differentiate among shrimp at different early developmental stages. Summing up, these results shed light on larval/postlarval microbiota and its dynamics at different early developmental stages, highlighting the potential roles of shrimp development in microbiota formation and shifting.