The WSSA Group 15 (HRAC Group K3) herbicide flufenacet is a key compound in weed resistance management, primarily used for PRE control of grass weeds in winter cereal–based crop rotations in Europe. Although resistance to compounds of its mechanism of action (inhibition of the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids) generally evolves slowly, reduced flufenacet efficacy due to enhanced glutathione transferase (GST) activity has been described in several blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) populations. The present study aimed to better understand of the mechanism of flufenacet detoxification in A. myosuroides. Therefore, we characterized four A. myosuroides populations with different levels of flufenacet sensitivity. Flufenacet degradation was significantly slowed down in a sensitive population and a population with reduced flufenacet sensitivity by the use of the GST inhibitors tridiphane and ethacrynic acid at sublethal rates. Finally, an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) study with the four A. myosuroides populations was conducted. In total, six differentially expressed GSTs and nine transcription factors as well as a keto-acyl-CoA reductase involved in the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids were identified as candidate genes among a set of 319 significantly more highly expressed gene-associated contigs. Among a set of 218 contigs with significantly lower expression levels, receptor kinase activity was the most frequent annotation. In summary, the likely GST-mediated reduction in sensitivity evolves in A. myosuroides at a slow rate and can partially be reversed by an interaction between flufenacet and the GST inhibitors tridiphane and ethacrynic acid. This provides further evidence for enhanced GST activity as a key mechanism in flufenacet resistance in A. myosuroides and supports the hypothesis that the six differentially expressed GSTs detected in the present RNA-seq study are potentially involved in flufenacet resistance.

中文翻译：

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Flufenacet 活性受黑草（Alopecurus myosuroides）群体中 GST 抑制剂的影响，flufenacet 敏感性降低且 GST 表达水平较高

WSSA 第 15 组（HRAC K 组3) 除草剂flufenacet 是杂草抗性管理中的关键化合物，主要用于欧洲冬季谷物轮作中禾本科杂草的PRE 控制。尽管对其作用机制（抑制超长链脂肪酸的合成）的化合物的抗性通常发展缓慢，但由于谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）活性增强而降低了氟灭草酯的功效。大穗赤霉Huds.) 人口。本研究旨在更好地了解氟灭草的解毒作用机制。A. myosuroides. 因此，我们将四个特征A. myosuroides具有不同水平的flufenacet敏感性的人群。通过以亚致死率使用 GST 抑制剂 tridiphane 和 ethacrynic 酸，在敏感人群和氟灭草胺敏感性降低的人群中，氟灭草胺的降解显着减慢。最后，用四种方法进行 RNA 测序（RNA-seq）研究A. myosuroides人口进行了。总共有 6 个差异表达的 GST 和 9 个转录因子以及参与超长链脂肪酸生物合成的酮酰基辅酶 A 还原酶被鉴定为一组 319 个显着更高表达的基因相关基因中的候选基因。重叠群。在一组表达水平显着降低的 218 个重叠群中，受体激酶活性是最常见的注释。总之，GST 介导的敏感性降低可能发生在A. myosuroides以缓慢的速度，并且可以通过氟灭草与 GST 抑制剂三苯二甲酸和 ethacrynic 酸之间的相互作用部分逆转。这为增强 GST 活性提供了进一步的证据，证明 GST 活性是氟苯乙胺耐药性的关键机制。A. myosuroides并支持在本 RNA-seq 研究中检测到的六种差异表达的 GST 可能与氟苯乙胺耐药性有关的假设。