Brain atlases are fundamental to understanding the topographic organization of the human brain, yet many contemporary human atlases cover only the cerebral cortex, leaving the subcortex a terra incognita. We use functional MRI (fMRI) to map the complex topographic organization of the human subcortex, revealing large-scale connectivity gradients and new areal boundaries. We unveil four scales of subcortical organization that recapitulate well-known anatomical nuclei at the coarsest scale and delineate 27 new bilateral regions at the finest. Ultrahigh field strength fMRI corroborates and extends this organizational structure, enabling the delineation of finer subdivisions of the hippocampus and the amygdala, while task-evoked fMRI reveals a subtle subcortical reorganization in response to changing cognitive demands. A new subcortical atlas is delineated, personalized to represent individual differences and used to uncover reproducible brain–behavior relationships. Linking cortical networks to subcortical regions recapitulates a task-positive to task-negative axis. This new atlas enables holistic connectome mapping and characterization of cortico–subcortical connectivity.

脑图谱是了解人类大脑地形组织的基础，但许多当代人类图谱仅涵盖大脑皮层，而使皮层下层处于未知领域。我们使用功能性 MRI (fMRI) 来绘制人类皮层下复杂的地形组织，揭示大规模的连接梯度和新的区域边界。我们揭示了皮层下组织的四个尺度，它们以最粗的尺度概括了著名的解剖核，并在最细的尺度上描绘了 27 个新的双侧区域。超高场强 fMRI 证实并扩展了这种组织结构，能够描绘出海马体和杏仁核的更精细细分，而任务诱发的 fMRI 则揭示了一种微妙的皮层下重组，以响应不断变化的认知需求。一个新的皮层下图谱被描绘出来，个性化以代表个体差异，并用于揭示可重复的大脑 - 行为关系。将皮层网络与皮层下区域联系起来，概括了任务积极到任务消极的轴。这个新的图谱能够实现皮质-皮质下连接的整体连接组映射和表征。