Urban areas in low- and middle-income countries are under chronic water stress, and multiple water source use (MWSU) is common. A detailed study on MWSU is necessary for strengthening water security and enhancing household water resilience to natural disasters which is defined as the ability of a household water system that is exposed to a disaster to resist, accommodate, and recover efficiently in a short time. Surveys were conducted in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, before and after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. A classification of resilient and non-resilient households was based on respondents' perception scores of their water systems before the earthquake and one month after. Around 80% of households used two to three water sources, and 70% of households were classified as water resilient. Three characteristics of a water resilient household were: (i) use of greater number of water sources, (ii) use of multiple reliable water sources such as piped water, groundwater, and (iii) use of effective adaptive strategies such as water storage in a bigger container. Since the study showed the practice of MWSU enhanced the resilience, protection and management of local water sources (well, spring, stone spouts) by initiatives of local government or communities or both is recommended.

低收入和中等收入国家的城市地区面临长期缺水的压力，多种水源的使用很普遍。对于MWSU的详细研究对于加强水安全和增强家庭用水对自然灾害的抵抗力是必要的，这被定义为遭受灾难的家庭供水系统在短时间内有效抵抗，适应和恢复的能力。在2015年戈尔卡地震之前和之后，在尼泊尔加德满都谷地进行了调查。弹性和非弹性家庭的分类基于受访者在地震前和地震后一个月对水系统的感知得分。大约80％的家庭使用两到三个水源，而70％的家庭被归类为具有抗水能力。具有抗水能力的家庭的三个特征是：（i）使用更多的水源，（ii）使用多种可靠的水源，例如自来水，地下水，以及（iii）使用有效的适应性策略，例如水的储存一个更大的容器。由于研究表明，MWSU的做法建议通过地方政府或社区（或两者）的倡议来增强当地水源（井，泉水，石嘴）的适应力，保护和管理。