ABSTRACT

Introduction

The immune system is able to exert both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Immunotherapeutic technologies aim to enhance immune-based anti-tumor activity and (or) weaken tumor-protective immunity.

Areas covered

Cancer vaccination, antibody (Ab)-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-based checkpoint molecule inhibition, Ab-based immunostimulation, cytokine therapy, oncoviral therapy, drug-mediated immunostimulation, exovesicular therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, neurohormonal immunorehabilitation, metabolic therapy, as well as adoptive cell immunotherapy, could be coherently used to synergize and amplify each other in achieving robust anti-cancer responses in cancer patients. Tumor-specific immunotherapy applied at early stages is capable of eliminating remaining tumor cells after surgery, thus preventing the development of minimal residual disease. Patients with advanced disease stages could benefit from combined immunotherapy, which would be aimed at providing tumor cell/mass dormancy. Traditional therapeutic anti-cancer interventions (chemoradiotherapy, hyperthermia, anti-hormonal therapy) could significantly enhance tumor sensitivity to anti-cancer immunotherapy. It is important that lower-dose (metronomic) chemotherapy regimens, which are well-tolerated by normal cells, could advance immune-mediated control over tumor growth.

Expert opinion

We envisage that combined immunotherapy regimens in the context of traditional treatment could become the mainstream modality for treating cancers in all phases of the tumorigenesis. The effectiveness of the anti-cancer treatment could be monitored by the following blood parameters: C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

中文翻译：

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多方位综合治疗癌症的临床可行和前瞻性免疫治疗干预

摘要

介绍

免疫系统能够发挥肿瘤破坏和肿瘤保护功能。免疫治疗技术旨在增强基于免疫的抗肿瘤活性和（或）削弱肿瘤保护免疫。

覆盖区域

癌症疫苗接种、抗体（Ab）介导的细胞毒性、基于抗体的检查点分子抑制、基于抗体的免疫刺激、细胞因子治疗、肿瘤病毒治疗、药物介导的免疫刺激、外囊泡治疗、抗炎治疗、神经激素免疫康复、代谢治疗等作为过继细胞免疫疗法，可以连贯地用于协同和相互放大，从而在癌症患者中实现强大的抗癌反应。早期应用的肿瘤特异性免疫疗法能够消除手术后残留的肿瘤细胞，从而防止微小残留病的发展。晚期疾病阶段的患者可以从联合免疫疗法中受益，该疗法旨在提供肿瘤细胞/群体休眠。传统的治疗性抗癌干预措施（放化疗、热疗、抗激素治疗）可以显着提高肿瘤对抗癌免疫治疗的敏感性。重要的是，正常细胞耐受性良好的低剂量（节拍式）化疗方案可以促进免疫介导的对肿瘤生长的控制。

专家意见

我们设想传统治疗背景下的联合免疫治疗方案可能成为治疗肿瘤发生各个阶段癌症的主流方式。可以通过以下血液参数监测抗癌治疗的有效性：C 反应蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比率。