The integration of complex systems is an important aspect of systems engineering. This paper defines six integration principles to consider when planning and executing system development and integration processes. This paper describes these integration principles and validates them through a historical system survey. The 14 systems studied represent both integration successes and integration failures to show the universal applicability of the principles. The historical system analysis supported the validity of four of the six principles. The validity of one of the remaining principles could not be concluded through the evidence gathered. The validity of the final principle was inconclusive due to a lack of evidence found. Understanding these principles and how to apply them to an integration program will increase the probability of successful integration of future systems.

中文翻译：

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复杂系统的集成原则

复杂系统的集成是系统工程的重要方面。本文定义了在计划和执行系统开发以及集成过程时要考虑的六种集成原则。本文描述了这些集成原理，并通过历史系统调查对其进行了验证。研究的14个系统既代表了集成的成功，也代表了集成的失败，以显示该原理的普遍适用性。历史系统分析支持六项原则中四项的有效性。剩余原则之一的有效性无法通过收集的证据得出结论。由于缺乏证据，最终原则的有效性尚无定论。