The endometrium plays an important role in the defence against invading pathogens, although the mechanisms are not clear. UFMylation is a recently discovered novel ubiquitination‐like modification system that plays a pivotal role in inflammation and the immune response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of UFMylation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses in immortalized goat endometrial epithelial cells (gEECs). Ubiquitin‐fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1 (UFM1) and DDRGK domain containing 1 (DDRGK1) were mainly localized in the luminal epithelium and glandular epithelium of mouse and goat endometrial tissues. The expression levels of UFM1, ubiquitin‐like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), UFM1 specific ligase 1 (UFL1) and DDRGK1, as key components of the UFMylation system, were significantly activated by 5 μg/mL LPS‐induced inflammatory response in gEECs for 6 hr. Meanwhile, the expression levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were significantly upregulated, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was significantly down‐regulated after overexpression of UFM1 in gEECs. Additionally, we observed UFM1 and DDRGK1 were markedly increased on LPS‐stimulated mouse endometritis in vivo. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that UFMylation was significantly activated by LPS and might be involved in regulating inflammatory response in gEECs.

中文翻译：

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UFMylation与LPS诱导的山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞的炎症反应有关

子宫内膜在防御入侵病原体中起着重要作用，尽管其机制尚不清楚。UFMylation是最近发现的新型泛素化修饰系统，在炎症和免疫反应中起关键作用。本研究的目的是研究UFMylation对永生化山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞（gEEC）中脂多糖（LPS）诱导的炎症反应的影响。泛素-修饰修饰物结合酶1（UFM1）和含有1的DDRGK结构域（DDRGK1）主要位于小鼠和山羊子宫内膜组织的腔上皮和腺上皮。作为UFMylation系统的关键组成部分的UFM1，泛素样修饰物激活酶5（UBA5），UFM1特异性连接酶1（UFL1）和DDRGK1的表达水平，5 g / mL LPS诱导的gEEC炎症反应持续6个小时，可显着激活细胞。同时，在gEEC中过表达UFM1后，白细胞介素6（IL-6）的表达水平显着上调，肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）显着下调。此外，我们观察到在体内LPS刺激的小鼠子宫内膜炎中UFM1和DDRGK1显着增加。总而言之，当前的研究表明LPS可显着激活UFMylation，并可能参与调节gEEC中的炎症反应。我们观察到，在LPS刺激的小鼠子宫内膜炎体内，UFM1和DDRGK1显着增加。总而言之，当前的研究表明LPS可显着激活UFMylation，并可能参与调节gEEC中的炎症反应。我们观察到，在LPS刺激的小鼠子宫内膜炎体内，UFM1和DDRGK1显着增加。总而言之，当前的研究表明LPS可显着激活UFMylation，并可能参与调节gEEC中的炎症反应。