Several laboratory animal models have shown that dietary energy restriction (ER) can promote longevity and improve various health aspects in old age. However, whether the entire spectrum of ER-induced short- and long-term physiological and metabolic adaptions is translatable to humans remains to be determined. In this review article, we present recent evidence towards the elucidation of the impact of ER on brain physiology and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss modulatory influences of ER on metabolism and overall on human health, limitations of current experimental designs as well as future perspectives for ER trials in humans. Finally, we summarize signaling pathways and processes known to be affected by both aging and ER with a special emphasis on the link between ER and cellular proteostasis.

几个实验动物模型表明，饮食能量限制 (ER) 可以延长寿命并改善老年的各个健康方面。然而，ER 诱导的短期和长期生理和代谢适应的整个范围是否可转化为人类仍有待确定。在这篇评论文章中，我们提供了阐明 ER 对脑生理学和与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病的影响的最新证据。我们还讨论了 ER 对新陈代谢和整体人类健康的调节影响、当前实验设计的局限性以及人类 ER 试验的未来前景。最后，我们总结了已知受衰老和 ER 影响的信号通路和过程，特别强调了 ER 与细胞蛋白质稳态之间的联系。