Tumor vasculature is characterized by aberrant structure and function, resulting in immune suppressive profiles of tumor microenvironment through limiting immune cell infiltration into tumors, endogenous immune surveillance and immune cell function. Vascular normalization as a novel therapeutic strategy tends to prune some of the immature blood vessels and fortify the structure and function of the remaining vessels, thus improving immune stimulation and the efficacy of immunotherapy. Interestingly, the presence of “immune‒vascular crosstalk” enables the formation of a positive feedback loop between vascular normalization and immune reprogramming, providing the possibility to develop new cancer therapeutic strategies. The applications of nanomedicine in vascular-targeting therapy in cancer have gained increasing attention due to its specific physical and chemical properties. Here, we reviewed the recent advances of effective routes, especially nanomedicine, for normalizing tumor vasculature. We also summarized the development of enhancing nanoparticle-based anticancer drug delivery via the employment of transcytosis and mimicking immune cell extravasation. This review explores the potential to optimize nanomedicine-based therapeutic strategies as an alternative option for cancer treatment.

肿瘤脉管系统的特征是异常的结构和功能，通过限制免疫细胞向肿瘤的浸润，内源性免疫监视和免疫细胞功能，导致肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制特征。血管正常化作为一种​​新的治疗策略，往往会修剪一些未成熟的血管，并增强其余血管的结构和功能，从而改善免疫刺激和免疫疗法的功效。有趣的是，“免疫-血管串扰”的存在使得能够在血管正常化和免疫重编程之间形成正反馈回路，从而为开发新的癌症治疗策略提供了可能。由于其独特的物理和化学特性，纳米药物在癌症血管靶向治疗中的应用越来越受到关注。在这里，我们回顾了使肿瘤脉管系统正常化的有效途径，尤其是纳米药物的最新进展。我们还总结了增强基于纳米颗粒的抗癌药物传递的发展通过使用转胞吞作用和模仿免疫细胞外渗。这篇综述探讨了优化基于纳米药物的治疗策略作为癌症治疗替代方案的潜力。