Plants are aerobic organisms that have evolved to maintain specific requirements for oxygen (O₂), leading to a correct respiratory energy supply during growth and development. There are certain plant developmental cues and biotic or abiotic stress responses where O₂ is scarce. This O₂ deprivation known as hypoxia may occur in hypoxic niches of plant-specific tissues and during adverse environmental cues such as pathogen attack and flooding. In general, plants respond to hypoxia through a complex reprogramming of their molecular activities with the aim of reducing the impact of stress on their physiological and cellular homeostasis. This review focuses on the fine-tuned regulation of hypoxia triggered by a network of gaseous compounds that includes O₂, ethylene, and nitric oxide. In view of recent scientific advances, we summarize the molecular mechanisms mediated by phytoglobins and by the N-degron proteolytic pathway, focusing on embryogenesis, seed imbibition, and germination, and also specific structures, most notably root apical and shoot apical meristems. In addition, those biotic and abiotic stresses that comprise hypoxia are also highlighted.

中文翻译：

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一氧化氮在生理和应激过程中的缺氧过程中的功能

植物是有氧生物，已经进化为维持对氧气（O ₂）的特定要求，从而在生长和发育过程中提供了正确的呼吸能量供应。在O ₂缺乏的情况下，存在某些植物发育线索和生物或非生物胁迫响应。这种称为缺氧的O ₂剥夺可能发生在植物特定组织的低氧环境中，以及在不利的环境线索（例如病原体侵袭和洪水）期间发生。通常，植物通过对其分子活性进行复杂的重编程来应对缺氧，其目的是减少胁迫对其生理和细胞动态平衡的影响。这篇综述着重于由包含O的气态化合物网络引发的缺氧的微调调节₂，乙烯和一氧化氮。鉴于最近的科学进展，我们总结了植物珠蛋白和N-degron蛋白水解途径介导的分子机制，重点是胚胎发生，种子吸收和萌发，以及特定结构，最主要的是根尖和茎尖分生组织。此外，还强调了构成缺氧的那些生物和非生物胁迫。