Urbanisation changes the water cycle and affects the parameters of transported, suspended and dissolved matter, especially in small river catchments. This paper presents the reasons why river runoff and fluvial transport rapidly increase during rainfall-induced summer floods in the stretch of the Silnica River that flows through the centre of Kielce, a city with a population of 200,000. Examples of implemented hydrotechnical solutions that aim to reduce the height of flood waves and eliminate water accumulation are also presented. The 18.05 km long Silnica River drains a catchment area of 49.4 km2. It flows through areas of varied land use, which have determined the location of five hydrometric stations (outlets) at different sub-catchments: Dabrowa(forest), Piaski (suburbia) and Jesionowa (includes a reservoir), as well as Pakosz and Bialogon (largely impervious areas in the city centre). Specific runoff, suspended and dissolved solids concentration and the specific load of these two types of fluvial transport were determined. It was found that the maximum specific runoff in the outlets of urban sub-catchments was significantly higher during floods than those of the sub-catchments upstream of the city centre; the suspended solids concentration was several times higher, and the suspended solids load was approximately 200 times higher. Recognition of the basic parameters of rainfall-induced flood waves, as well as the dynamics and size of fluvial transport at the hydrometric stations, especially at the outlets of sub-catchments with a large proportion of impervious area (approximately 30%), has become the basis for the development and implementation of modernisation projects and the construction of hydrotechnical facilities and devices in the river channel in the centre of Kielce.

中文翻译：

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城市对降雨期间悬浮和溶解固体径流和运输迅速增加的影响——以 Silnica 河为例（波兰凯尔采）

城市化改变了水循环并影响了运输、悬浮和溶解物质的参数，特别是在小河流集水区。本文介绍了在降雨引起的夏季洪水期间，在流经凯尔采市中心的 Silnica 河段，河流径流和河流运输迅速增加的原因，该市拥有 200,000 人口。还介绍了旨在降低洪水波浪高度和消除积水的已实施水力技术解决方案的示例。Silnica 河长 18.05 公里，流域面积 49.4 平方公里。它流经不同土地利用的区域，这决定了不同子流域的五个水文站（出口）的位置：Dabrowa（森林）、Piaski（郊区）和 Jesionowa（包括一个水库），以及 Pakosz 和 Bialogon（市中心的大部分不透水区域）。确定了这两种河流输送的特定径流、悬浮和溶解固体浓度以及特定负载。结果表明，洪水期间城市子集水区出水口的最大比径流明显高于市中心上游子集水区；悬浮固体浓度高出数倍，悬浮固体负载量高出约 200 倍。识别降雨诱发的洪水波的基本参数，以及水文站的河流输运的动力学和大小，特别是在不透水面积比例较大（约 30%）的子集水区出口处，