Abstract

This review proposes an insight into the prospects of electrochemistry for the treatment of highly concentrated effluents in three sections. The first section of this review presents an overview of electrochemical water treatment strategies adapted to these very specific waste streams, including the influence of operating conditions, electrode materials and processes (with special emphasis on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and electrocoagulation). The second part provides the engineering parameters to ensure successful upscaling of electrochemical processes in terms of modeling mass transport, charge transfer and hydrodynamics, reactor designs and energy requirements. This section also addresses process combinations, where electrochemistry could complement traditional methods of treatment, in order to improve the overall efficiency of the integrated system. Finally, the last section focuses on the nature, characteristics and challenges inherent to highly concentrated wastewater, divided into five categories: industrial wastewater (e.g., pharmaceutical, electronics, chemical, food-processing), hypersaline effluents (e.g., reverse osmosis concentrates), solutions contaminated with a mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants (e.g., leachate, mining), highly viscous solution (or non-Newtonian liquid) (e.g., sludge) and solutions of high chemical oxygen demand load but with low pollutant content (e.g., from soil washing).

摘要

这篇综述提出了对电化学在三个部分中处理高浓度废水的前景的见解。本综述的第一部分概述了适用于这些非常特殊的废物流的电化学水处理策略，包括操作条件、电极材料和工艺的影响（特别强调阳极氧化、电芬顿和电凝聚）。第二部分提供工程参数，以确保在模拟传质、电荷转移和流体动力学、反应器设计和能源需求方面成功升级电化学过程。本节还讨论了工艺组合，其中电化学可以补充传统的处理方法，以提高集成系统的整体效率。最后，最后一节重点介绍高浓度废水的性质、特征和固有挑战，分为五类：工业废水（例如，制药、电子、化工、食品加工）、高盐度废水（例如，反渗透浓缩物）、被有机和无机污染物（例如渗滤液、采矿）、高粘性溶液（或非牛顿液体）（例如污泥）和化学需氧量高但污染物含量低（例如来自土壤冲洗）。