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3‐D Analog Modeling Constraints on Rifting in the Afar Region
Tectonics ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 , DOI: 10.1029/2020tc006339
Hany M. Khalil 1, 2 , Fabio A. Capitanio 1 , Peter G. Betts 1 , Alexander R. Cruden 1
Affiliation  

Rifting in the Afar region is considered to be the only known example of the formation of an incipient divergent triple junction. Taking the Afar region as an example, we use three‐dimensional lithospheric‐scale laboratory experiments to constrain the factors controlling the structure and the tectonic evolution of the area. We systematically evaluate the role of different preexisting heterogeneities, such as those due to plume head impingement or inherited weak structures, and different kinematic boundary conditions, such as orthogonal versus rotational extension. The interaction between these inherited heterogeneities and the tested boundary conditions results in a range of complex rift geometries and structural features, such as rift segmentation and ridge jumps, which are comparable to those observed in the Afar region. At the plate scale, only under rotational extension, consecutive rift zones intersecting at high angles develop akin to the along‐axis segmentation in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Under orthogonal extension, the dominant rifting trend is perpendicular to the stretching direction. Preexisting weaknesses, including that due to a mantle plume, trigger different rifting styles and influence the geometry of large‐scale continental breakup. When compared to the Afar region, our results suggest that differing the degree of stretching, following the rotation of the Arabian plate since the Oligocene, led to the rifting in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden and likely did not cause the formation of the Main Ethiopian Rift.

中文翻译:

远地区3D模拟建模的约束

阿法尔地区的裂谷被认为是形成初期发散的三重结的唯一已知例子。以阿法尔地区为例,我们使用三维岩石圈规模的实验室实验来约束控制该地区的结构和构造演化的因素。我们系统地评估了不同的先前存在的异质性的作用,例如由于羽头撞击或继承的弱结构而引起的异质性,以及不同的运动学边界条件,例如正交与旋转延伸。这些继承的异质性与测试的边界条件之间的相互作用导致了一系列复杂的裂谷几何形状和结构特征,例如裂谷分割和山脊跃迁,与阿法尔地区的观测结果相当。在印版上 仅在旋转延伸下,相继的大角度相交的裂谷带才形成,类似于红海和亚丁湾的沿轴分割。在正交延伸下,主要的裂谷趋势垂直于拉伸方向。先前存在的弱点,包括由于地幔柱造成的弱点,会引发不同的裂谷样式,并影响大规模大陆破裂的几何形状。与阿法尔地区相比,我们的结果表明,由于渐新世以来阿拉伯板块的旋转,其伸展程度不同,导致了红海和亚丁湾的裂谷,并且很可能不会导致形成埃塞俄比亚主要裂谷。连续的大角度相交的裂谷带发展成类似于红海和亚丁湾的沿轴分割。在正交延伸下,主要的裂谷趋势垂直于拉伸方向。先前存在的弱点,包括由于地幔柱造成的弱点,会引发不同的裂谷样式,并影响大规模大陆破裂的几何形状。与阿法尔地区相比,我们的结果表明,由于渐新世以来阿拉伯板块的旋转,其伸展程度不同,导致了红海和亚丁湾的裂谷,并且很可能不会导致形成埃塞俄比亚主要裂谷。连续的大角度相交的裂谷带发展成类似于红海和亚丁湾的沿轴分割。在正交延伸下,主要的裂谷趋势垂直于拉伸方向。先前存在的弱点,包括由于地幔柱造成的弱点,会引发不同的裂谷样式,并影响大规模大陆分裂的几何形状。与阿法尔地区相比,我们的结果表明,由于渐新世以来阿拉伯板块的旋转,其伸展程度不同,导致了红海和亚丁湾的裂谷,并且很可能不会导致形成埃塞俄比亚主要裂谷。触发不同的裂谷样式并影响大规模大陆分裂的几何形状。与阿法尔地区相比,我们的结果表明,由于渐新世以来阿拉伯板块的旋转,其伸展程度不同,导致了红海和亚丁湾的裂谷,并且很可能不会导致形成埃塞俄比亚主要裂谷。触发不同的裂谷样式并影响大规模大陆分裂的几何形状。与阿法尔地区相比,我们的结果表明,由于渐新世以来阿拉伯板块的旋转,其伸展程度不同,导致了红海和亚丁湾的裂谷,并且很可能不会导致形成埃塞俄比亚主要裂谷。
更新日期:2020-10-11
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