While host–parasite interactions are ubiquitous, the large‐scale consequences of parasite infections are mainly driven by the spatial context. One trait of pivotal importance for the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of such metapopulations is the spatial behaviour of hosts, that is, their dispersal. It is well established that dispersal is not a random process, rather dispersal is informed and may depend on internal and external factors. In host–parasite metapopulations, dispersal may be a function of a host's infection state, but also of the local context, such as host density or parasite prevalence. Using a dynamical host–parasite metapopulation model of a parasite that reduces host fecundity (sterilizing parasite), we explore whether host dispersal evolves to be state‐ and context‐dependent and what shapes the evolutionarily stable dispersal reaction norms have. We show that state‐dependent dispersal readily evolves in the sense that hosts disperse more when infected, except when infected hosts pay significantly higher dispersal costs. This dispersal bias evolves due to kin selection, which is consistent with previous studies. Most importantly, we show that prevalence‐dependent dispersal evolves, especially when virulence is high and epidemiological dynamics have predictable signatures. The observed evolutionary outcome, a negatively prevalence‐dependent dispersal reaction norm for susceptible hosts at high virulence, seems counter‐intuitive at first. However, our results can be readily explained by the emergent epidemiological dynamics, especially their spatial and temporal correlation patterns. Finally, we show that context‐dependency in dispersal may rely on both, prevalence, and host density cues. Our work provides new insights into the evolution of complex dispersal phenotypes in host–parasite metapopulations as well as on feedbacks with epidemiological dynamics.

中文翻译：

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寄主-寄生虫动力学为寄主中状态和环境依赖的扩散的发展设置了生态区

虽然宿主与寄生虫的相互作用无处不在，但寄生虫感染的大规模后果主要是由空间环境驱动的。对于此类种群的生态进化动力学而言，至关重要的一个特征是宿主的空间行为，即它们的扩散。公认的是，分散不是一个随机的过程，而是分散是有根据的，并且可能取决于内部和外部因素。在寄主－寄生虫的种群中，扩散可能是寄主感染状态的函数，也可能是局部环境的函数，例如寄主密度或寄生虫流行率。使用降低宿主繁殖力（对寄生虫进行消毒）的寄生虫的动态宿主-寄生虫亚种群模型，我们探讨了宿主扩散是否演变为状态和上下文相关的因素，以及进化稳定的扩散反应范式如何形成。我们表明，从状态上讲，传播很容易演变，从某种意义上说，宿主在被感染时的传播更多，除非被感染的宿主支付明显更高的传播成本。这种分散的偏见是由于亲属选择而发展的，这与以前的研究一致。最重要的是，我们证明了与流行有关的扩散正在演变，尤其是在高毒力且流行病学动态具有可预测特征的情况下。观察到的进化结果，即高毒力易感宿主的与流行率呈负相关的分散反应常模，乍看起来似乎是违反直觉的。但是，我们的结果很容易由流行病学动态解释，尤其是它们的空间和时间相关性模式。最后，我们证明了散布中的语境依赖性可能同时依赖于患病率和宿主密度提示。我们的工作为寄主-寄生虫亚群中复杂的扩散表型的进化以及流行病学动态的反馈提供了新的见解。