The intensive progress of information technology increases the demand for urgent development of practical materials for microwave absorption (MA), meeting the general requirement “thin, wide, light and strong”. In the past 6 years, graphene is of great interest for MA performance due to its unique properties such as high specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, strong dielectric loss, and low density. Taking in account that the structure of absorber plays a key role in MA performance, the attempts to produce an efficient microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) have led to 3D graphene – aerogels and foams - due to their extremely high porosity, large specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties with ability of compression and further maintaining the original shape, lightweight, reduced agglomeration of graphene sheets. All listed parameters enhance the impedance matching of MAMs, generate the synergistic loss effects, thereby improving the MA properties. The review describes the bases of MA theory and summarizes the recent achievements in the fabrication of pure 3D graphene networks and their composites with magnetic, ceramic nanoparticles and nanowires, polymers, MXenes, and multicomponent systems, directed to improve the impedance matching and generate loss mechanisms for the overall improvement of their performance as MAMs.

信息技术的迅猛发展增加了对紧急开发实用的微波吸收材料（MA）的需求，满足了“薄，宽，轻，强”的一般要求。在过去的六年中，石墨烯因其独特的特性（例如高比表面积，高电导率，强介电损耗和低密度）而对MA性能引起了极大的兴趣。考虑到吸收剂的结构在MA性能中起着关键作用，由于其孔隙率极高，比表面积大，试图生产高效的微波吸收材料（MAM）的尝试已导致3D石墨烯-气凝胶和泡沫，优异的机械性能，具有压缩能力，可进一步保持原始形状，重量轻，减少石墨烯片的团聚。所有列出的参数都增强了MAM的阻抗匹配，产生了协同损耗效应，从而改善了MA特性。该综述描述了MA理论的基础，并总结了在纯3D石墨烯网络及其包含磁性，陶瓷纳米颗粒和纳米线，聚合物，MXenes和多组分系统的复合材料的制造中取得的最新成就，旨在改善阻抗匹配并产生损耗机制全面改善其作为MAM的绩效。