The sparsity parameter for clusters of galaxies is obtained in the context of [Formula: see text]-gravity. It is shown that the theoretical estimated values are within the reported error limits of the measured data. Thus, in the future the sparsity parameter can serve as an informative new test to detect the discrepancy between General Relativity and [Formula: see text]-gravity.

中文翻译：

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银河系稀疏性和 Λ 引力

星系团的稀疏参数是在[公式：见正文]-gravity 的上下文中获得的。结果表明，理论估计值在测量数据的报告误差范围内。因此，将来稀疏参数可以作为一种信息丰富的新测试来检测广义相对论和[公式：见文本]-重力之间的差异。