We read with great interest the Viewpoint “Defining Seafood Safety in the Anthropocene” by Bank et al.(1) They propose a broad definition for seafood safety and note that ensuring this presents many scale-specific challenges. However, the article lacks a serious discussion of the idea of “...their continuous proper handling from the sea to the table” and seafood fraud. We argue that seafood fraud (also called “mislabeling”) makes continuous proper handling of seafood from the sea to the table very difficult and poses a huge challenge to ensuring seafood safety. Seafood is one of the most highly traded international food commodities and often has a long, complex, and opaque supply chain (e.g., involving capture, transshipping, processing, packaging, wholesale, and retail distribution).(2) Many species are traded as seafood, and each may have one or more market names in regions where it is consumed.(3) Concomitantly, the loss of distinguishing morphological features during processing and the close phylogenetic relationships among these species makes them very difficult to identify.(3,4) Consequently, the complexities of the global seafood supply chain and market—and the biodiversity of seafood species—provide many opportunities for seafood fraud. Despite the implementation of strict regulations in many parts of the world (e.g., Europe and the United States),(4,5) seafood fraud remains a serious problem. Recent surveys indicate that the global seafood fraud rate may range from 3.4% to 96%, with an average of about 30%.(5−7) Currently, seafood fraud comes in many forms, particularly species substitution, misrepresentation of production methods or farming systems, and falsification of geographical origins.(8) Some types of seafood carry single or multiple species-specific health risks—like parasites, undeclared allergens, naturally occurring toxins (e.g., ciguatera and tetrodotoxin), toxic environmental contaminants (e.g., persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals), and aquaculture drugs—that consumers may wish to avoid.(3−5) Seafood fraud may hide these risks if consumers think they are buying one type of fish when it is actually something else. Seafood fraud can also hide illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (which accounts for about 20% of the global catch(3)) and allow illegal catch to and enter the legal seafood marketplace under a new identity, thereby threatening marine species facing extinction and further stressing already overexploited marine ecosystems.(9) Seafood fraud does not only threaten consumer health and safety; it also affects the health and sustainability of seafood populations (i.e., the idea encapsulated by the broad term “seafood safety” in the Viewpoint article(1)). Seafood fraud must be addressed urgently to ensure the safety of seafood. Seafood traceability can, for example, provide information about a fish that could include where, when, and how it was caught or farmed and what species it is could follow a product along its entire supply chain.(9,10) Thus, we argue that implementing traceability at every step in the seafood supply chain is crucial for their continuous proper handling at all times, which is key to reducing fraud and ensuring safety. The authors declare no competing financial interest. This article references 10 other publications.

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关于“定义人类世的海鲜安全性”的评论

我们非常感兴趣地阅读了Bank等人的观点“定义人类世的海鲜安全性”（1）。他们提出了海鲜安全性的宽泛定义，并指出确保这一点提出了许多针对规模的挑战。但是，本文没有认真讨论“ ...他们从海到餐桌的连续正确处理”的想法。”和海鲜欺诈行为。我们认为，海鲜欺诈（也称为“贴错标签”）使从海上到餐桌的海鲜连续正确处理非常困难，并且对确保海鲜安全提出了巨大挑战。海鲜是贸易量最高的国际食品之一，通常具有漫长，复杂和不透明的供应链（例如，涉及捕捞，转运，加工，包装，批发和零售分销）。（2）海产品，并且每种产品在其消费地区可能都有一个或多个市场名称。（3）同时，加工过程中形态特征的丢失以及这些物种之间密切的系统发育关系使它们很难被识别。（3,4 ） 所以，全球海鲜供应链和市场的复杂性以及海鲜种类的多样性为海鲜欺诈提供了许多机会。尽管在世界许多地区（例如，欧洲和美国）执行了严格的法规，（4,5）海鲜欺诈仍然是一个严重的问题。最近的调查表明，全球海产品欺诈率可能在3.4％至96％的范围内，平均约为30％。（5-7）当前，海产品欺诈有多种形式，特别是物种替代，生产方法的误导或养殖系统和伪造地理起源。（8）某些类型的海鲜具有特定于一种或多种物种的健康风险，例如寄生虫，未申报的过敏原，天然产生的毒素（例如西瓜和河豚毒素），有毒的环境污染物（例如，消费者可能希望避免的持久性有机污染物和重金属）以及水产养殖药物。（3-5）如果消费者认为自己购买的是另一类鱼，那么海鲜欺诈可能掩盖了这些风险。海鲜欺诈还会掩盖非法，不报告和不规范的捕鱼（约占全球捕捞量的20％（3）），并允许非法捕捞以新的身份进入合法的海鲜市场，从而威胁面临灭绝和破坏的海洋物种。 （9）海鲜欺诈不仅威胁消费者的健康和安全，而且还加剧了已经过度开发的海洋生态系统的压力。它也影响着海产品种群的健康和可持续性（即，《观点》文章（1）中用“海鲜安全”这一广义术语概括的想法）。必须立即解决海鲜欺诈问题，以确保海鲜安全。例如，海产品的可追溯性可以提供有关鱼类的信息，其中包括在何处，何时何地，如何捕捞或养殖这种鱼类，以及其在整个供应链中可以跟随某种产品的物种。（9,10）因此，我们认为在海鲜供应链的每个步骤中实现可追溯性对于始终保持适当的处理至关重要，这对于减少欺诈和确保安全至关重要。作者宣称没有竞争性的经济利益。本文引用了其他10个出版物。我们认为，在海鲜供应链的每个步骤中实现可追溯性对于他们在任何时候都能持续正确地处理至关重要，这对于减少欺诈和确保安全至关重要。作者宣称没有竞争性的经济利益。本文引用了其他10个出版物。我们认为，在海鲜供应链的每个步骤中实现可追溯性对于他们在任何时候都能持续正确地处理至关重要，这对于减少欺诈和确保安全至关重要。作者宣称没有竞争性的经济利益。本文引用了其他10个出版物。