We thank Jiang et al.(1) for their insightful comments on our article.(2) We were pleased that this article captured their interest and welcome the opportunity for a dialogue on this global issue of growing importance. Jiang et al.(1) describe the importance of including seafood fraud as an additional component of seafood safety. We concur that seafood fraud is a widespread and growing problem throughout the world, and that it can pose a significant threat to consumer health and to food security in general.(3) Our paper(2) focused on environmental aspects and threats to seafood safety as well as cumulative risks to consumers. Extending the context of seafood safety to include sociological measures, such as fraud, is also an interesting perspective, and we certainly agree that this is an important aspect that needs to be carefully assessed. However, it is important to point out that Jiang et al.(1) may have inadvertently misread our paper’s intent, regarding how the term “proper handling from the sea to the table” is perceived.(2) Specifically, Jiang et al.(1) did not mention that our paper(2) does indeed address governmental surveillance and regulations, to which fraud would most certainly be included, as expressed in the following sentence “Ensuring seafood safety is complex, involving broad spatiotemporal scales, industry and government surveillance and regulations, and proper handling techniques for consumers.” Jiang et al.(1) also concur that large-scale fraud prevention mechanisms are already in place for many parts of the world, including Europe and the United States. We both also agree that seafood fraud is a serious and complex issue for consumers, and one that is difficult to monitor within the highly decentralized seafood trade and global supply chains.(3) In order to address seafood fraud at a global scale, and as no universally accepted and coordinated international labeling program currently exists throughout the entire life cycle of seafood products, we propose that scientists and policy makers promote and standardize the use of high-resolution, multi-isotope fingerprinting, and other forensic-based approaches (i.e., carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, compound-specific, and heavy metal isotope ratios) for source apportionment of seafood. When applied correctly, isotopes are highly reliable,(4,5) albeit not perfect, indicators of a food’s source and geographical origin. Moreover, when coupled with fatty acid biomarkers,(6) and organic and elemental data composition, and high-resolution genetic profiling, collectively, this can be a powerful suite of techniques that can ensure traceability and to identify fraud within seafood trade systems.(7−9) In light of this engaging dialogue, and for clarity, we propose the following addendum to our definition of seafood safety as the maintenance and production of healthy marine biota through successful air, land, and water pollution management strategies; effective biohazard and contaminant surveillance of marine fish, shellfish, and sea mammals; algal, gelatinous, and invertebrate resources; and their continually traceable (i.e., origin and species) and proper handling from the sea to the table. The authors declare no competing financial interest. This article references 9 other publications.

中文翻译：

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重新审视海鲜安全性：对“定义人类世的海鲜安全性”评论的回应

我们感谢Jiang等人（1）对本文的深刻见解。（2）我们很高兴这篇文章引起了他们的兴趣，并欢迎有机会就这个日益重要的全球问题进行对话。Jiang et al。（1）描述了将海鲜欺诈作为海鲜安全的附加组成部分的重要性。我们同意海鲜欺诈是世界范围内一个普遍且日益严重的问题，它可能对消费者健康和总体食品安全构成重大威胁。（3）我们的论文（2）关注环境方面和对海鲜安全的威胁以及对消费者的累积风险。将海产品安全性扩展到包括欺诈等社会学措施也很有趣，我们当然同意这是一个重要方面，需要仔细评估。然而，从海表中正确处理”被认为。（2）具体而言，江等人。（1）没有提到我们的文章（2）确实解决政府监管和法规，其欺诈行为将肯定被列入，如以下句子中所述：“确保海鲜安全是复杂的，涉及广泛的时空尺度，行业和政府的监督和法规以及针对消费者的适当处理技术。” Jiang等人（1）也同意，在世界许多地方，包括欧洲和美国，已经建立了大规模的欺诈预防机制。我们俩也都同意，海鲜欺诈对消费者来说是一个严重而复杂的问题，在高度分散的海鲜贸易和全球供应链中很难监控。（3）为了在全球范围内应对海鲜欺诈，目前，在海鲜产品的整个生命周期中，目前尚没有一个普遍接受和协调的国际标签计划，我们建议科学家和政策制定者促进高分辨率的高分辨率，多同位素指纹识别以及其他基于法医的方法的使用（例如，碳，氮，硫，氢，氧，特定化合物 和重金属同位素比）用于海鲜的来源分配。如果正确应用，同位素是高度可靠的（4,5），尽管不是完美的，但可以指示食物的来源和地理来源。此外，与脂肪酸生物标志物（6）以及有机和元素数据组成以及高分辨率遗传图谱一起使用时，这可以共同构成一套功能强大的技术，可以确保可追溯性并在海产品贸易系统中识别欺诈行为。（ 7−9）鉴于这种引人入胜的对话，为清楚起见，我们提出了以下关于食品安全定义的附录：通过成功的空气，土地和水污染管理策略，维护和生产健康的海洋生物区系；对海洋鱼类，贝类和海洋哺乳动物进行有效的生物危害和污染物监测；藻类，胶状和无脊椎动物资源；以及它们的可连续追踪（即起源和物种）以及从海洋到餐桌的适当处理。作者宣称没有竞争性的经济利益。本文引用了其他9个出版物。