We review the occurrence of biogenic amines and their potential role as neurotransmitters in the nervous system of three groups of invertebrate deuterostomes: tunicates, cephalochordates, and echinoderms. In addition to an overview of biogenic amines in each subphylum, we focus on a few species, including the sea squirts Ciona intestinalis, C. robusta, C. savignyi, and Phallusia mammillata (tunicates), the lancelets Branchiostoma lanceolatum and Branchiostoma floridae (cephalochordates), and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (echinoderms). We chose these species as they are the most studied invertebrate deuterostomes in the field of evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo). Providing a comparative picture of the expression and role of neurotransmitters in deuterostomes will contribute to understanding the evolution of these neural signaling systems. Such an approach represents a new frontier of comparative neuroanatomy and neurobiology, and a prerequisite to uncover the homology of neuronal structures and circuits in deuterostomes with such diverse body plan organization and complexity.

中文翻译：

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后口动物模型中生物胺的比较神经生物学

我们回顾了生物胺的发生及其在三组无脊椎动物后口动物的神经系统中作为神经递质的潜在作用：被囊动物、头脊索动物和棘皮动物。除了对每个亚门中生物胺的概述之外，我们还关注一些物种，包括海鞘 Ciona infantis、C.robusta、C. savignyi 和 Phallusia mammillata（被囊类动物）、柳叶刀 Branchiostoma lanceolatum 和 Branchiostoma floridae（头脊索动物） ）和海胆 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus（棘皮动物）。我们选择这些物种是因为它们是进化发育生物学 (EvoDevo) 领域中研究最多的无脊椎动物后口动物。提供神经递质在氘化口中的表达和作用的比较图片将有助于理解这些神经信号系统的进化。这种方法代表了比较神经解剖学和神经生物学的新前沿，也是揭示具有如此多样化的身体计划组织和复杂性的后口中神经元结构和回路同源性的先决条件。