Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants. These soil microorganisms enhance the plant’s nutrient uptake by extending the root absorbing area. In return, the symbiont receives plant carbohydrates for the completion of its life cycle. AMF also helps plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, extreme temperature, heavy metal, diseases, and pathogens. For abiotic stresses, the mechanisms of adaptation of AMF to these stresses are generally linked to increased hydromineral nutrition, ion selectivity, gene regulation, production of osmolytes, and the synthesis of phytohormones and antioxidants. Regarding the biotic stresses, AMF are involved in pathogen resistance including competition for colonization sites and improvement of the plant’s defense system. Furthermore, AMF have a positive impact on ecosystems. They improve the quality of soil aggregation, drive the structure of plant and bacteria communities, and enhance ecosystem stability. Thus, a plant colonized by AMF will use more of these adaptation mechanisms compared to a plant without mycorrhizae. In this review, we present the contribution of AMF on plant growth and performance in stressed environments.

中文翻译：

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丛枝菌根真菌对植物生长和生长的作用：在生物和非生物胁迫调节中的重要性。

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）与大多数陆生植物建立了共生关系。这些土壤微生物通过扩大根吸收面积来增强植物对养分的吸收。作为回报，共生体在完成其生命周期时会接受植物碳水化合物。AMF还可以帮助植物应对生物和非生物胁迫，例如盐度，干旱，极端温度，重金属，疾病和病原体。对于非生物胁迫，AMF适应这些胁迫的机制通常与增加矿物质营养，离子选择性，基因调控，渗透压产物以及植物激素和抗氧化剂的合成有关。关于生物胁迫，AMF参与病原体抗性，包括争夺定居点和改善植物的防御系统。此外，AMF对生态系统有积极影响。它们提高了土壤聚集的质量，驱动了植物和细菌群落的结构，并增强了生态系统的稳定性。因此，与没有菌根的植物相比，被AMF殖民的植物将使用更多的适应机制。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了AMF在压力环境下对植物生长和性能的贡献。