Abstract Stimuli-responsive materials have been used in major applications such as sensors, actuators, wearable devices, and biomedical devices owing to their ability to respond to external stimuli including heat, light, electricity, humidity, and chemicals. Strategies to trigger the stimuli-responsive, shape-morphing of two-dimensional (2D) sheets into three-dimensional (3D) shapes are of significant interest for a variety of smart applications including soft robotics. Stimuli-responsive properties can be designed by the selection of materials, structures, and processing methods. This review outlines seven broad categories of stimuli-responsive 2D soft materials for 3D smart actuator applications, namely (1) carbon nanomaterials, (2) metal nanomaterials, (3) shape memory polymers, (4) liquid crystal polymers and elastomers, (5) azobenzenes, (6) hydrogels, and (7) bio-hybrids, along with their basic mechanisms, processing methods, and applications.

中文翻译：

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用于微软机器人的形状变形智能 3D 执行器材料

摘要 刺激响应材料因其对外部刺激（包括热、光、电、湿度和化学物质）的响应能力而被用于传感器、执行器、可穿戴设备和生物医学设备等主要应用中。触发响应刺激、将二维 (2D) 片材形状变形为三维 (3D) 形状的策略对于包括软机器人在内的各种智能应用具有重要意义。刺激响应特性可以通过材料、结构和加工方法的选择来设计。本综述概述了用于 3D 智能执行器应用的七大类刺激响应 2D 软材料，即 (1) 碳纳米材料，(2) 金属纳米材料，(3) 形状记忆聚合物，(4) 液晶聚合物和弹性体，(5 ) 偶氮苯，