Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is an herbaceous, annual, and dioecious plant belongs to the Cannabaceae family and grows in some parts of Iran. In the present study, the genetic diversity between and within the populations of 10 local cultivated landraces from Iran was evaluated, using multiple datasets (agro-morphological and biochemical traits, seed oil fatty acid compositions, and ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeats) markers. The analysis of variance based on the morpho-biochemical traits and oil compositions indicated significant differences among studied hemp populations (P < 0.01). Of the identified fatty acids, linoleic acid (53.02 %), α-linolenic acid (18.98 %), oleic acid (15.20 %), palmitic acid (6.61 %), and stearic acid (2.96 %) composed 77.79 % of total seed oil content. The content of major fatty acids varied greatly among the populations. Kermanshah had the highest proportion of linoleic acid (54.03 %), Hamedan; α-linolenic acid (21.47 %), Alborz; oleic acid (16.75 %), Kohkylouih-and-Boyerahmad; palmitic acid (6.82 %), and Khuzestan; stearic acid (3.23 %). In this study, 14 ISSR primers, produced 231 high-resolution bands, of which 198 (85 %) were polymorphic. Population structure inference showed that the hemp single plants in populations were distributed into six genetic clusters that were matched with UPGMA clusters. The results showed that the highest genetic distance was observed between Kerman and Markazi populations. The findings of this study can be used in future programs for the breeding of Iranian hemp landraces.

大麻（Cannabis sativa）是一种草本的，一年生且雌雄异株的植物，属于大麻科家庭，并在伊朗的某些地区成长。在本研究中，使用多个数据集（农业形态和生化特性，种子油脂肪酸组成和ISSR（内部简单序列重复）标记）评估了来自伊朗的10个当地种植的地方品种之间及其内部的遗传多样性。基于形态生化特性和油成分的方差分析表明，所研究的大麻种群之间存在显着差异（P <0.01），其中鉴定出的脂肪酸中，亚油酸（53.02％），α-亚麻酸（18.98％），油酸。种子油中脂肪酸的含量为15.20％，棕榈酸（6.61％）和硬脂酸（2.96％），占总种子油含量的77.79％，主要脂肪酸的含量在人群中差异很大。克尔曼沙亚的亚油酸比例最高（ 54.03％），Hamedan；α-亚麻酸（21.47％），Alborz; 油酸（16.75％），Kohkylouih and Boyerahmad; 棕榈酸（6.82％）和胡兹斯坦；硬脂酸（3.23％）。在这项研究中，有14条ISSR引物产生了231条高分辨率条带，其中198条（85％）是多态性的。种群结构推断表明，种群中的大麻单株被分为与UPGMA簇匹配的六个遗传簇。结果表明，在克尔曼人和马克齐人之间的遗传距离最高。这项研究的结果可用于将来的伊朗大麻地方品种育种计划。种群结构推断表明，种群中的大麻单株被分为与UPGMA簇匹配的六个遗传簇。结果表明，在克尔曼人和马克齐人之间的遗传距离最高。这项研究的结果可用于将来的伊朗大麻地方品种育种计划。种群结构推断表明，种群中的大麻单株被分为与UPGMA簇匹配的六个遗传簇。结果表明，在克尔曼人和马克齐人之间的遗传距离最高。这项研究的结果可用于将来的伊朗大麻地方品种育种计划。