Abstract Fire emergencies impose significant threats to building occupants. During evacuation, fire has significant impacts on evacuees' behaviors, by e.g., changing their route availability, disturbing their perception of the environment due to reduced visibility, impairing their mobility that is usually associated with severe injuries, and causing significant mental stress that may lead to complicated and unpredictable navigation decisions. Despite the detrimental effects of fire on crowd evacuation, most existing building evacuation simulation models and tools do not account for the impacts of fire on the evacuation process; at most they rely on oversimplified assumptions and simulation settings. In this study, a new fire evacuation simulation model, named FREEgress (Fire Risk Emulated Environment for Egress), is developed to simulate the dynamic influences of heat, temperature, toxic gas and smoke particles on evacuees' mobility, navigation decision making and health conditions. FREEgress (1) introduces evacuee agents who are aware of and able to assess the fire hazards, and can make fire risk-informed navigation decisions; and (2) models the interactions between evacuee agents and the dynamic fire emergency environments and the consequent evacuation process. The verification of FREEgress is conducted by comparing its simulation results with two existing simulation tools, SAFEgress and FDS + Evac. In addition, a case study using FREEgress is carried out to simulate the evacuation in a museum for 30 different fire emergency scenarios. The simulation results are analyzed to assess the impacts of three important factors, namely initial fire location, evacuation delay time and evacuee behavior, on the evacuation process and evacuation outcomes. The case study demonstrated the potential value of FREEgress to support both the safety design of new buildings and maintenance and emergency management of constructed facilities.

中文翻译：

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考虑火灾影响的基于代理的室内人群疏散模拟器

摘要 火灾突发事件对建筑居住者构成重大威胁。在疏散过程中，火灾对疏散人员的行为有重大影响，例如改变他们的路线可用性，由于能见度降低而扰乱他们对环境的感知，损害他们通常与重伤相关的行动能力，以及造成严重的精神压力，可能导致复杂和不可预测的导航决策。尽管火灾对人群疏散有不利影响，但大多数现有的建筑疏散模拟模型和工具并未考虑火灾对疏散过程的影响；他们至多依赖过于简化的假设和模拟设置。在这项研究中，一个新的火灾疏散模拟模型，名为 FREEgress（出口火灾风险模拟环境），开发用于模拟热量、温度、有毒气体和烟雾颗粒对疏散人员的流动性、导航决策和健康状况的动态影响。FREEgress (1) 介绍了解并能够评估火灾危险的疏散人员，并可以做出火灾风险知情的导航决策；(2) 模拟疏散人员与动态火灾应急环境以及随后的疏散过程之间的相互作用。FREEgress 的验证是通过将其仿真结果与两个现有的仿真工具 SAFEgress 和 FDS + Evac 进行比较来进行的。此外，还使用 ​​FREEgress 进行了案例研究，以模拟博物馆中 30 种不同火灾紧急情况下的疏散情况。分析模拟结果以评估三个重要因素的影响，即初始火灾位置、疏散延迟时间和疏散行为，对疏散过程和疏散结果的影响。案例研究证明了 FREEgress 的潜在价值，以支持新建筑的安全设计以及建筑设施的维护和应急管理。