Abstract—

The energy efficiency of a combined heat-supply system constructed on the basis of an air-to-water heat pump and an additional heat source (an electric boiler) for its operation under different climatic conditions of Russia is studied using the simulation method. The considered subject is of issue because the answer to the question about the effectiveness of using air-source heat pumps depends on many factors, which may influence the effectiveness in different ways. These factors include, in particular, essentially different climatic conditions in different regions and specific consumption of fuel for supply of electricity and heat and different ratios between the tariffs for heat and electricity. A procedure for estimating the effectiveness of an autonomous space-heating system constructed on the basis of a heat pump as a function of the share of the heat-pump unit’s nominal heat output in the design heating load is proposed. The procedure is based on using the relative expenditures of energy carriers (reference fuel) and financial expenditures for them in autonomous heat-supply systems on the basis of a heat pump and district heating. The results from calculations of relative consumption of fuel and energy resources and relative operating costs for certain regions of Russia having different climatic conditions are given. The calculations were carried out using generalized characteristics of heat pumps from different manufacturers, actual climatic data for three heating seasons, and ratios between the specific reference fuel consumptions for generation of electricity and heat and tariffs for energy carriers. It is shown that, in the case of using air-to-water heat pumps, the optimal ratio between the nominal heat output of heat-pump units and the design heating load is in the range from 1.0 to 1.4 depending on the design outdoor air temperature. In this case, the expenditures of fuel and energy resources and the financial expenditures for them are commensurable with the costs for district heating.

中文翻译：

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在俄罗斯气候条件下使用空气对水热泵的有效性

摘要-

使用模拟方法研究了在俄罗斯不同气候条件下运行的，基于空气-水热泵和附加热源（电锅炉）的组合供热系统的能效。所考虑的主题是有问题的，因为对使用空气源热泵的有效性问题的答案取决于许多因素，这些因素可能以不同的方式影响有效性。这些因素尤其包括不同地区的气候条件基本不同，以及用于供电和供热的燃料的单位消耗量以及供热电价之间的不同比率。提出了一种根据热泵单元名义热输出在设计热负荷中所占份额的函数，估算基于热泵构造的自主空间加热系统的有效性的程序。该程序基于在热泵和区域供热的基础上，在自动供热系统中使用能源载体（参考燃料）的相对支出和财务支出。给出了某些气候条件不同的俄罗斯某些地区的燃料和能源相对消耗量和相对运行成本的计算结果。计算是根据不同制造商生产的热泵的一般特性，三个供暖季节的实际气候数据，以及用于发电和供热的特定参考燃料消耗与能源载体的电费之间的比率。结果表明，在使用空气-水热泵的情况下，取决于设计的室外空气，热泵单元的标称热量输出与设计供暖负荷之间的最佳比值在1.0到1.4的范围内温度。在这种情况下，燃料和能源的支出以及它们的财务支出与区域供暖的成本相当。