Maintaining pH homeostasis is vital for all mammalian cells since hydrogen and hydroxyl ions perform important functions in the regulation of metabolism. Today, it is believed that maintaining the pH in the neutral range (pH 7.2–7.6) in the nervous system is necessary for its normal functioning, while small changes in pH affect the excitability of neurons, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter transport and intercellular communication. Sensitivity to changes in pH is a feature of many membrane proteins that play a key role in neurotransmission. Recent studies have revealed the presence in the nervous system of protein molecules, which are sensors of a significant change in the pH of the extracellular environment in both acidic (to pH 5) and alkaline (to pH 9) areas. It has been established that a change in the pH of the extracellular environment causes various cellular responses in which ion channels, ionotropic receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, connexins and receptor tyrosine kinases are involved. The presence of these proteins in the nervous system suggests that local acid–base balance shifts are one of the key factors regulating neuronal activity. This review describes the properties of neuronal pH-sensitive proteins.

中文翻译：

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pH 传感器在维持神经系统稳态方面的价值

维持 pH 稳态对所有哺乳动物细胞都至关重要，因为氢和氢氧根离子在代谢调节中发挥着重要作用。今天，人们认为将神经系统中的 pH 值维持在中性范围 (pH 7.2-7.6) 是其正常功能所必需的，而 pH 值的微小变化会影响神经元的兴奋性、突触传递、神经递质运输和细胞间通讯。对 pH 值变化的敏感性是许多在神经传递中起关键作用的膜蛋白的特征。最近的研究揭示了神经系统中存在蛋白质分子，蛋白质分子是酸性（至 pH 5）和碱性（至 pH 9）区域细胞外环境 pH 值显着变化的传感器。已经确定，细胞外环境的 pH 值变化会引起各种细胞反应，其中涉及离子通道、离子型受体、G 蛋白偶联受体、连接蛋白和受体酪氨酸激酶。这些蛋白质在神经系统中的存在表明局部酸碱平衡变化是调节神经元活动的关键因素之一。这篇综述描述了神经元 pH 敏感蛋白的特性。