Manipulative experiments provide stronger evidence for identifying cause-and-effect relationships than correlative studies, but protocols for implementing temperature manipulations are lacking for large species in remote settings. We developed an experimental protocol for holding adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and exposing them to elevated temperature treatments. The goal of the experimental protocol was to validate heat stress biomarkers by increasing river water temperature from ambient (~14°C) to a treatment temperature of 18°C or 21°C and then maintain the treatment temperature over 4 hours within a range of ±1.0°C. Our protocol resulted in a mean rate of temperature rise of 3.71°C h-1 (SD = 1.31) to treatment temperatures and mean holding temperatures of 18.0°C (SD = 0.2) and 21.0°C (SD = 0.2) in the low- and high-heat treatments, respectively. Our work demonstrated that manipulative experiments with large, mobile study species can be successfully developed in remote locations to examine thermal stress.

中文翻译：

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远程野外环境中成年鲑鱼的操纵性热挑战规程。

与相关研究相比，操纵性实验为确定因果关系提供了更强有力的证据，但是对于偏远地区的大型物种而言，缺乏实施温度操纵的协议。我们开发了一种实验方案，用于饲养成年的奇努克鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus tshawytscha），并将其暴露于高温处理下。实验规程的目标是通过将河水温度从周围温度（〜14°C）升高到18°C或21°C的处理温度，然后将处理温度维持在4个小时内，以验证热应激生物标记±1.0°C。我们的协议得出的平均升温速率为处理温度的3.71°C h-1（SD = 1.31）和平均保持温度分别为18.0°C（SD = 0.2）和21.0°C（SD = 0。2）分别在低热处理和高热处理中进行。我们的工作表明，可以在偏远地区成功开展大型移动研究物种的操纵实验，以研究热应力。