Flying in virtual reality (VR) using standard handheld controllers can be cumbersome and contribute to unwanted side effects such as motion sickness and disorientation. This article investigates a novel hands-free flying interface— HeadJoystick , where the user moves their head similar to a joystick handle toward the target direction to control virtual translation velocity. The user sits on a regular office swivel chair and rotates it physically to control virtual rotation using 1:1 mapping. We evaluated short-term (Study 1) and extended usage effects through repeated usage (Study 2) of the HeadJoystick versus handheld interfaces in two within-subject studies, where participants flew through a sequence of increasingly difficult tunnels in the sky. Using the HeadJoystick instead of handheld interfaces improved both user experience and performance, in terms of accuracy, precision, ease of learning, ease of use, usability, long-term use, presence, immersion, sensation of self-motion, workload, and enjoyment in both studies. These findings demonstrate the benefits of using leaning-based interfaces for VR flying and potentially similar telepresence applications such as remote flight with quadcopter drones. From a theoretical perspective, we also show how leaning-based motion cueing interacts with full physical rotation to improve user experience and performance compared to the gamepad.

中文翻译：

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HeadJoystick：使用基于学习的新型界面改善 VR 中的飞行

使用标准手持控制器在虚拟现实 (VR) 中飞行可能很麻烦，并且会导致不必要的副作用，例如晕车和迷失方向。本文研究了一种新颖的免提飞行界面—— HeadJoystick ，用户像操纵杆手柄一样向目标方向移动他们的头部来控制虚拟平移速度。用户坐在普通的办公室转椅上，通过物理旋转它以使用 1:1 映射控制虚拟旋转。我们在两项受试者内研究中通过重复使用 HeadJoystick 与手持接口来评估短期（研究 1）和扩展使用效果（研究 2），其中参与者飞过一系列越来越困难的天空隧道。使用 HeadJoystick 代替手持式界面可改善用户体验和性能，包括准确性、精确度、易学习性、易用性、可用性、长期使用、临场感、沉浸感、自我运动感、工作量和乐趣在这两项研究中。这些发现证明了将基于学习的界面用于 VR 飞行和可能类似的远程呈现应用（例如使用四轴无人机进行远程飞行）的好处。从理论的角度来看，我们还展示了基于倾斜的运动提示如何与完整的物理旋转交互，以改善用户体验和与游戏手柄相比的性能。