Positive symptoms of schizophrenia and its extended phenotype-often termed psychoticism or positive schizotypy-are characterized by the inclusion of novel, erroneous mental contents. One promising framework for explaining positive symptoms involves apophenia, conceptualized here as a disposition toward false-positive errors. Apophenia and positive symptoms have shown relations to openness to experience (more specifically, to the openness aspect of the broader openness/intellect domain), and all of these constructs involve tendencies toward pattern seeking. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the relations between psychoticism and non-self-report indicators of apophenia, let alone the role of normal personality variation. The current research used structural equation models to test associations between psychoticism, openness, intelligence, and non-self-report indicators of apophenia comprising false-positive error rates on a variety of computerized tasks. In Sample 1, 1,193 participants completed digit identification, theory of mind, and emotion recognition tasks. In Sample 2, 195 participants completed auditory signal detection and semantic word association tasks. Psychoticism and the openness aspect were positively correlated. Self-reported psychoticism, openness, and their shared variance were positively associated with apophenia, as indexed by false-positive error rates, whether or not intelligence was controlled for. Apophenia was not associated with other personality traits, and openness and psychoticism were not associated with false-negative errors. Findings provide insights into the measurement of apophenia and its relation to personality and psychopathology. Apophenia and pattern seeking may be promising constructs for unifying the openness aspect of personality with the psychosis spectrum and for providing an explanation of positive symptoms. Results are discussed in the context of possible adaptive characteristics of apophenia as well as potential risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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Apophenia 作为误报的倾向：开放性和精神病主义的统一框架。


精神分裂症的阳性症状及其扩展表型（通常称为精神病或阳性精神分裂型）的特征是包含新的、错误的心理内容。解释阳性症状的一个有前景的框架涉及缺失，这里将其概念化为对假阳性错误的处理。无意识和阳性症状已显示出与经验的开放性（更具体地说，与更广泛的开放性/智力领域的开放性方面）的关系，并且所有这些构造都涉及模式寻求的倾向。尽管如此，很少有研究调查精神质与非自我报告的失语症指标之间的关系，更不用说正常人格变异的作用了。目前的研究使用结构方程模型来测试精神质、开放性、智力和无意识的非自我报告指标（包括各种计算机化任务的假阳性错误率）之间的关联。在样本 1 中，1,193 名参与者完成了数字识别、心理理论和情绪识别任务。在样本 2 中，195 名参与者完成了听觉信号检测和语义词关联任务。精神病性和开放性方面呈正相关。自我报告的精神病性、开放性及其共同方差与缺失症呈正相关，以假阳性错误率为索引，无论智力是否受到控制。 Apophenia 与其他人格特质无关，开放性和精神病性与假阴性错误无关。研究结果为了解缺失症的测量及其与人格和精神病理学的关系提供了见解。 Apophenia 和模式寻求可能是将人格的开放性方面与精神病谱系统一起来并提供对阳性症状的解释的有希望的结构。在失语症可能的适应性特征以及精神障碍发展的潜在危险因素的背景下讨论了结果。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。