Familial influences on children’s cigarette smoking have been established, yet little is known about whether these influences in childhood relate to offspring’s smoking behavior in adolescence. Drawing on prior work showing that children’s emotional and behavioral problems (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behavior problems) are influenced by both interparental and parent–child relationships, we examined whether children’s emotional and behavioral problems would further predict their smoking behavior in adolescence. Two hundred and twenty-one families were followed from early childhood (M_age = 4.05 years) to the 10-year follow-up. Interparental relationship adjustment and disagreement, dysfunctional parenting, and children’s emotional and behavioral problems were reported by both mothers and fathers. Adolescents’ self-reported cigarette smoking status was assessed along with other demographic variables. Using structural equation modeling, the hypothesis was only supported based on mothers’ reports, suggesting that early couple relationship adjustment and parenting relate to children’s emotional and behavioral problems, which associate with smoking behavior in adolescence. When the hypothesized model was tested with emotional and behavioral problems separately, only behavioral problems were related to adolescent smoking for both parents. Findings from this study support models of family environment and children’s behavioral problems, providing evidence of the long-term links with adolescent cigarette smoking behaviors. Further family-focused research and preventive work, for instance, testing the combination of partner support and parent training, are needed.

中文翻译：

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10 年随访中的亲子关系调整、育儿和后代吸烟

家族对儿童吸烟的影响已经确定，但关于儿童时期的这些影响是否与后代在青春期的吸烟行为有关还知之甚少。借鉴先前的工作表明儿童的情绪和行为问题（即内化和外化行为问题）受父母间和亲子关系的影响，我们研究了儿童的情绪和行为问题是否会进一步预测他们在青春期的吸烟行为。221个家庭从幼儿期开始被跟踪（M_年龄 = 4.05 年）到 10 年的随访。父母双方都报告了父母之间的关系调整和分歧、养育功能失调以及孩子的情绪和行为问题。青少年自我报告的吸烟状况与其他人口统计变量一起进行了评估。使用结构方程模型，该假设仅基于母亲的报告得到支持，表明早期夫妻关系调整和养育子女与儿童的情绪和行为问题有关，而这些问题与青春期的吸烟行为有关。当假设模型分别针对情绪和行为问题进行测试时，只有行为问题与父母双方的青少年吸烟有关。这项研究的结果支持家庭环境和儿童行为问题的模型，提供与青少年吸烟行为长期联系的证据。需要进一步以家庭为中心的研究和预防工作，例如，测试合作伙伴支持和家长培训的结合。