Recidivism among released inmates is associated with a substantial societal burden given the financial and medical consequences of victimization. Among incarcerated North Americans, approximately 7% are housed in solitary confinement (SC). Studies show SC can lead to psychological deterioration and dispute it can effectively reduce institutional misconduct or recidivism. This meta-analysis aims to clarify the impact of SC on postrelease recidivism, which we hypothesized would increase following SC. A meta-analysis was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from inception until December 2019. Studies on adult inmates in correctional settings were included if they met an operational definition of SC, measured recidivism, and included a comparison group in general inmate population. Random-effect models were used to assess the impact of SC on multiple types of recidivism. Of the 2,713 identified records, 12 met inclusion criteria (n = 194,078). A moderate association was found between SC and any recidivism (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [1.41, 1.97]), which persisted in controlled studies (OR = 1.41). This association was replicated across types of recidivism comprising violence (OR = 1.41), rearrests (OR = 1.37), and reincarceration (OR = 1.67). Moreover, a more recent exposure to SC increased recidivism risk (OR = 2.02), and a dose-response relationship was found between days in SC and recidivism. The overall database presented high heterogeneity but no publication bias. Findings show a small to moderate association between SC and future crime/violence. Considering the societal costs associated with antisocial behaviors following SC, mental health and psychosocial programming facilitating inmates' successful reentry into society should be implemented and rigorously evaluated in strong research design.

中文翻译：

---

与包括暴力犯罪在内的任何累犯有关的囚犯的单独监禁：系统回顾和荟萃分析。

鉴于受害的经济和医疗后果，获释囚犯的累犯与沉重的社会负担有关。在被监禁的北美人中，大约 7% 的人被单独监禁 (SC)。研究表明，SC会导致心理恶化和争执，它可以有效减少机构不当行为或累犯。这项荟萃分析旨在阐明 SC 对释放后累​​犯的影响，我们假设 SC 后累犯会增加。从开始到 2019 年 12 月，使用 PubMed、PsycINFO、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 数据库进行了一项荟萃分析。如果成年囚犯符合 SC 的操作定义、衡量累犯并包括比较，则纳入对惩教环境中成年囚犯的研究一般囚犯群体。随机效应模型用于评估 SC 对多种累犯的影响。在确定的 2,713 条记录中，有 12 条符合纳入标准（n = 194,078）。SC 与任何累犯之间存在中度关联（优势比 [OR] = 1.67, 95% 置信区间 [1.41, 1.97]），在对照研究中持续存在（OR = 1.41）。这种关联在包括暴力（OR = 1.41）、重新逮捕（OR = 1.37）和再监禁（OR = 1.67）在内的累犯类型中得到了复制。此外，最近接触 SC 增加了累犯风险 (OR = 2.02)，并且发现 SC 天数与累犯之间存在剂量反应关系。整个数据库呈现出高度异质性，但没有发表偏倚。调查结果显示 SC 与未来犯罪/暴力之间存在小到中度的关联。