Bacteria causing diabetic foot infections (DFI) are chronic and generally multidrug resistant (MDR), which calls urgently for alternative antibacterials. The present study focused on potential metabolite producing bacteria from a saltpan environment and screened against MDR pathogens isolated from DFI patients. Molecular identification of the DFI pathogens provided Klebsiella quasivariicola, Staphylococcus argenteus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, Bacillus australimaris, and Corynebacterium stationis. Among 34 isolated halophilic bacteria, the cell-free supernatant of strain PSH06 provided the largest inhibition zone of 23 mm against K. quasivariicola [D1], 21 mm against. S. argenteus [D2], 19 mm against E. coli [D3], and a minimum inhibition zone was found to be 14 mm against C. stationis [D8]. The potent activity providing stain confirmed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa through molecular identification. On the other hand, ethyl acetate extract of this strain showed excellent growth inhibition in MIC at 64 µg/mL against K. quasivariicola. Distressed cell membranes and vast dead cells were observed at MIC of ethyl acetate extract by SEM and CLSM against K.quasivariicola and E. coli. GC-MS profile of ethyl acetate extract exposed the occurrence of Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate and n-Hexadecanoic acid and shows 100% toxic effect at 24 mg/mL by Artemia nauplii. The active extract fraction with above compounds derived from saltpan bacteria provided highest antibacterial efficacy against DFI-associated pathogens depicted with broad spectrum activity compared to standard antibiotics.

中文翻译：

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嗜盐菌对糖尿病足感染相关耐药微生物的抗菌活性

导致糖尿病足感染 (DFI) 的细菌是慢性的且通常具有多重耐药性 (MDR)，因此迫切需要替代抗菌药物。本研究侧重于盐田环境中潜在的代谢物产生细菌，并针对从 DFI 患者中分离出的 MDR 病原体进行筛选。DFI病原体的分子鉴定提供了克雷伯氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、人葡萄球菌亚种。novobiosepticus, Bacillus australimaris, and Corynebacterium stationis。在 34 种分离的嗜盐细菌中，PSH06 菌株的无细胞上清液提供了最大的抑制区，对 K. quasivariicola [D1] 的抑制区为 23 毫米，对为 21 毫米。S. argenteus [D2]，19 mm 对抗大肠杆菌 [D3]，发现最小抑菌圈为 14 mm，对抗 C. stationis [D8]。通过分子鉴定证实为铜绿假单胞菌的强效染色活性。另一方面，该菌株的乙酸乙酯提取物在 64 µg/mL 的 MIC 中对 K. quasivariicola 显示出极好的生长抑制作用。通过 SEM 和 CLSM 在乙酸乙酯提取物的 MIC 处观察到受损的细胞膜和大量死细胞对 K.quasivariicola 和 E.coli。乙酸乙酯提取物的 GC-MS 曲线暴露了双（2-乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯和正十六烷酸的存在，并显示了 24 mg/mL 对卤虫无节幼体的 100% 毒性作用。与标准抗生素相比，具有广谱活性的具有广谱活性的 DFI 相关病原体的活性提取物部分具有来自盐田细菌的上述化合物的最高抗菌功效。