ABSTRACT

Exceptionality effect is the phenomenon that people associate stronger negative affect with a negative outcome when it is a result of an exception (abnormal behaviour) compared to when it is a result of routine (normal behaviour). In this pre-registered meta-analysis, we examined exceptionality effect in 48 studies (N = 4212). An analysis of 35 experimental studies (n = 3332) showed medium to strong effect (g = 0.60, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.41, 0.79]) for past behaviour across several measures (regret/affect: g = 0.66, counterfactual thought: g = 0.39, self-blame: g = 0.44, victim compensation: g = 0.39, offender punishment: g = 0.51). An analysis of 13 one-sample studies presenting a comparison of exceptional and routine behaviours simultaneously (n = 1217) revealed a very strong exceptionality effect (converted g = 1.98, CI [1.57, 2.38]). We tested several theoretical moderators: norm strength, event controllability, outcome rarity, action versus inaction, and status quo. We found that exceptionality effect was stronger when the routine was aligned with the status quo option and with action rather than for inaction. All materials are available on: https://osf.io/542c7/

摘要

例外效应是一种现象，即与例外情况（常规行为）相比，它是异常（异常行为）的结果，人们将更强烈的负面影响与负面结果联系在一起。在这项预先注册的荟萃分析中，我们检查了48项研究中的例外影响（N  = 4212）。对35项实验研究（n  = 3332）的分析表明 ，过去几种行为的过去行为（后悔/影响：g  = 0.66，反事实）有中度到强度效应（g = 0.60，95％置信区间（CI）[0.41，0.79]）想法：g  = 0.39，自责：g  = 0.44，受害者补偿：g  = 0.39，罪犯的惩罚：g = 0.51）。对13个单样本研究的分析同时显示了异常行为和常规行为的比较（n  = 1217），显示出非常强的异常效应（转换后的g  = 1.98，CI [1.57，2.38]）。我们测试了几种理论主持人：规范强度，事件可控性，结果稀有性，行动与不作为以及现状。我们发现，当例行程序与现状选项和行动相结合而不是无所作为时，例外效应会更强。所有材料都可以在以下网址获得：https：//osf.io/542c7/