Psychometric critiques of cross-cultural research emphasize testing whether instruments measure the same construct across cultural groups. We tested for measurement invariance (by race/ethnicity) of instruments used to evaluate the relationship between alcohol and tobacco use with perceived discrimination and socioeconomic status (SES). Tests of psychometric equivalence across race/ethnicity focused on: the latent organization of constructs (configural invariance); if observed indicators have equal factor loadings or "true score" variance (metric invariance); and whether manifest indicators change uniformly contingent on change in the latent variable (scalar invariance). A cross-sectional survey of 2,376 cigarette smokers (794 Black, 786 Latinx, 796 White; mean age = 43 [SD = 12]; 58% female) was recruited via an online research panel. Discrimination was indicated by self-report; SES was indicated by self-reported education, employment, income, and the "SES Ladder;" alcohol use was indicated by frequency and typical quantity of drinking, and frequency of heavy drinking; tobacco use was indicated by frequency of smoking, cigarettes per smoking day, and time to first cigarette. All instruments demonstrated configural invariance; either full metric invariance (alcohol and discrimination) or partial metric invariance (tobacco and SES); and all constructs demonstrated partial scalar invariance. Results support psychometric critiques; for example, all of the SES indicators violated assumptions of classical measurement theory for valid between group comparisons. All of our instruments displayed some degree of systematic bias in measurement across race/ethnicity. Studies testing ethnic/racial differences may need to move beyond classical measurement theory, and may benefit from using statistical approaches that can test for (and model) bias in measurement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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种族/民族对酒精和香烟使用的社会决定因素：我们可以忽略测量问题吗？

跨文化研究的心理测量批评强调测试工具是否衡量跨文化群体的相同结构。我们测试了用于评​​估酒精和烟草使用与感知歧视和社会经济地位 (SES) 之间关系的工具的测量不变性（按种族/民族）。跨种族/民族的心理测量等效性测试侧重于：结构的潜在组织（配置不变性）；如果观察到的指标具有相等的因子载荷或“真实分数”方差（度量不变性）；以及显性指标是否随潜在变量（标量不变性）的变化而均匀变化。通过在线研究小组招募了 2,376 名吸烟者（794 名黑人、786 名拉丁裔、796 名白人；平均年龄 = 43 [SD = 12]；58% 为女性）的横断面调查。自我报告表明存在歧视；SES 由自我报告的教育、就业、收入和“SES 阶梯”表示；饮酒通过频率和典型饮酒量，以及重度饮酒的频率来表示；烟草使用通过吸烟频率、每天吸烟量和抽第一支烟的时间来表示。所有仪器都表现出配置不变性；完全度量不变性（酒精和歧视）或部分度量不变性（烟草和 SES）；并且所有构造都表现出部分标量不变性。结果支持心理测评；例如，所有 SES 指标都违反了经典测量理论关于组间比较有效的假设。我们所有的仪器在跨种族/民族的测量中都显示出一定程度的系统偏差。测试种族/种族差异的研究可能需要超越经典的测量理论，并且可能受益于使用可以测试（和模型）测量偏差的统计方法。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。