Considering the importance of vegetables as a source of micronutrients and fibers in a balanced diet, there is still a concern that vegetables could also be a source of toxic heavy metal contaminants. The study aimed to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in the salad vegetables sold in Tabriz city, Iran, and to evaluate the probabilistic health risk assessment. The amount of toxic metals in 240 samples was evaluated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The average levels of toxic metals in the samples were found to be 1.59, 1.26, 1.42, 4.89, 13.38, 1.01, and 32.65 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. According to the results, Zn and Cu had the highest concentration, whereas the lowest concentration belonged to Ni. The rank order of the toxic elements in the samples based on target hazard quotient (THQ) values was Cr > Cd > As > Pb > Cu> Zn > Ni, for both females and males. Leafy vegetables had a higher amount of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) than tuber crops for both males and females. The carcinogenic risks of As and Pb were 0.032 and 0.03 in the females and 0.22 and 0.19 in males. According to the finding, there may be a potential risk of toxic metals, especially Cr, Cd, and As, for both females and males in Tabriz through the consumption of vegetables.

中文翻译：

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伊朗大不里士通过食用沙拉蔬菜评估重金属污染和概率风险。

考虑到蔬菜作为均衡饮食中微量营养素和纤维来源的重要性，人们仍然担心蔬菜也可能成为有毒重金属污染物的来源。该研究旨在确定大不里士出售的沙拉蔬菜中铅 (Pb)、镉 (Cd)、砷 (As)、铬 (Cr)、铜 (Cu)、镍 (Ni) 和锌 (Zn) 的浓度城市，伊朗，并评估概率健康风险评估。采用原子吸收分光光度计（AAS）法对240个样品中有毒金属的含量进行了评价。Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Ni 和 Zn 样品中有毒金属的平均水平分别为 1.59、1.26、1.42、4.89、13.38、1.01 和 32.65 mg/kg。结果表明，Zn和Cu的浓度最高，而Ni的浓度最低。基于目标危害商 (THQ) 值的样品中有毒元素的排序顺序为 Cr > Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni，无论是女性还是男性。男性和女性的叶类蔬菜的总目标危害商 (TTHQ) 高于块茎作物。As和Pb的致癌风险在女性中分别为0.032和0.03，在男性中分别为0.22和0.19。根据调查结果，大不里士的女性和男性通过食用蔬菜可能存在有毒金属的潜在风险，尤其是 Cr、Cd 和 As。男性和女性的叶类蔬菜的总目标危害商 (TTHQ) 高于块茎作物。As和Pb的致癌风险在女性中分别为0.032和0.03，在男性中分别为0.22和0.19。根据调查结果，大不里士的女性和男性通过食用蔬菜可能存在有毒金属的潜在风险，尤其是 Cr、Cd 和 As。男性和女性的叶类蔬菜的总目标危害商 (TTHQ) 高于块茎作物。As和Pb的致癌风险在女性中分别为0.032和0.03，在男性中分别为0.22和0.19。根据调查结果，大不里士的女性和男性通过食用蔬菜可能存在有毒金属的潜在风险，尤其是 Cr、Cd 和 As。