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Knowledge before belief
Behavioral and Brain Sciences ( IF 16.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-08 , DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20000618
Jonathan Phillips 1 , Wesley Buckwalter 2 , Fiery Cushman 3 , Ori Friedman 4 , Alia Martin 5 , John Turri 6 , Laurie Santos 7 , Joshua Knobe 8
Affiliation  

Research on the capacity to understand others' minds has tended to focus on representations of beliefs, which are widely taken to be among the most central and basic theory of mind representations. Representations of knowledge, by contrast, have received comparatively little attention and have often been understood as depending on prior representations of belief. After all, how could one represent someone as knowing something if one does not even represent them as believing it? Drawing on a wide range of methods across cognitive science, we ask whether belief or knowledge is the more basic kind of representation. The evidence indicates that nonhuman primates attribute knowledge but not belief, that knowledge representations arise earlier in human development than belief representations, that the capacity to represent knowledge may remain intact in patient populations even when belief representation is disrupted, that knowledge (but not belief) attributions are likely automatic, and that explicit knowledge attributions are made more quickly than equivalent belief attributions. Critically, the theory of mind representations uncovered by these various methods exhibits a set of signature features clearly indicative of knowledge: they are not modality-specific, they are factive, they are not just true belief, and they allow for representations of egocentric ignorance. We argue that these signature features elucidate the primary function of knowledge representation: facilitating learning from others about the external world. This suggests a new way of understanding theory of mind – one that is focused on understanding others' minds in relation to the actual world, rather than independent from it.

中文翻译:

信仰之前的知识

关于理解他人思想的能力的研究往往集中在信念,这被广泛认为是心理表征的最核心和最基本的理论之一。的表示知识相比之下,受到的关注相对较少,并且经常被理解为依赖于先前的信念表征。毕竟,如果一个人甚至不将某人表示为相信某事,那怎么能表示某人知道某事呢?借鉴认知科学的广泛方法,我们询问信仰或知识是否是更基本的表示形式。证据表明,非人类灵长类动物赋予知识而不是信仰,知识表征在人类发展中比信仰表征更早出现,即使在信仰表征被破坏时,患者群体中表征知识的能力可能保持不变,知识(但不是信仰)归因可能是自动的,并且明确的知识归因比等效的信念归因更快。至关重要的是,通过这些不同方法揭示的心理表征理论展示了一组明确指示知识的特征:它们不是特定于模态的,它们是事实的,它们不仅仅是真实的信念,它们允许以自我为中心的无知的表征。我们认为,这些签名特征阐明了知识表示的主要功能:促进从他人那里学习外部世界。这提出了一种理解心智理论的新方法——专注于理解他人与现实世界相关的心智,而不是独立于现实世界。通过这些不同的方法揭示的心理表征理论展示了一组清楚地表明知识的标志性特征:它们不是特定于模态的,它们是事实的,它们不仅仅是真实的信念,它们允许以自我为中心的无知的表征。我们认为,这些签名特征阐明了知识表示的主要功能:促进从他人那里学习外部世界。这提出了一种理解心智理论的新方法——专注于理解他人与现实世界相关的心智,而不是独立于现实世界。通过这些不同的方法揭示的心理表征理论展示了一组清楚地表明知识的标志性特征:它们不是特定于模态的,它们是事实的,它们不仅仅是真实的信念,它们允许以自我为中心的无知的表征。我们认为,这些签名特征阐明了知识表示的主要功能:促进从他人那里学习外部世界。这提出了一种理解心智理论的新方法——专注于理解他人与现实世界相关的心智,而不是独立于现实世界。我们认为,这些签名特征阐明了知识表示的主要功能:促进从他人那里学习外部世界。这提出了一种理解心智理论的新方法——专注于理解他人与现实世界相关的心智,而不是独立于现实世界。我们认为,这些签名特征阐明了知识表示的主要功能:促进从他人那里学习外部世界。这提出了一种理解心智理论的新方法——专注于理解他人与现实世界相关的心智,而不是独立于现实世界。
更新日期:2020-09-08
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