To evaluate the effects of different Ti surface micro-nanopermeable structures on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation and explore related mechanisms, hybrid technology of sandblast, acid etching, and hydrothermal (HT) was used to form the micro-nanopermeable surface of Ti. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface profiler, and contact angle meter were utilized to assess the surface morphology, roughness, and hydrophilicity. MTT, SEM, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, and real-time PCR were performed to investigate proliferation, adhesion and spreading, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells grown on polished Ti (control), sandblast + acid etching- (SLA-) treated Ti, and SLA + HT-treated Ti. MAPK signal pathway activity was evaluated by Western blotting. The results showed that SLA + HT could result in not only formation of microscale groove containing submicroscale and nanoscale porous structures in Ti samples but also rough and hydrophilic surface. SLA + HT treatment has the best effects on cell adhesion and spreading. Significantly increased levels of ALP activity and osteogenic genes including Alp, Ocn, Opn, Runx2, and Bsp, as well as p38 but not ERK phosphorylation, were found in the SLA + HT group. In conclusion, sandblast, acid etching, and hydrothermal treatment on Ti regulates osteoblast differentiation, while activation of the MAPK p38 signaling pathway served as the mechanism.

中文翻译：

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钛微纳渗透结构对成骨分化的影响

为了评估不同的Ti表面微纳渗透性结构对成骨细胞增殖和分化的影响，并探讨相关机制，采用喷砂，酸蚀和水热（HT）混合技术形成了Ti的微纳渗透性表面。扫描电子显微镜（SEM），表面轮廓仪和接触角仪用于评估表面形态，粗糙度和亲水性。进行了MTT，SEM，碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性测定和实时PCR，以研究在抛光的Ti（对照），喷砂+酸蚀-（SLA-）上生长的MC3T3-E1细胞的增殖，粘附和扩散以及分化。 ）处理过的Ti，以及SLA + HT处理过的Ti。通过Western印迹评估MAPK信号途径活性。结果表明，SLA + HT不仅会导致在Ti样品中形成包含亚微米级和纳米级多孔结构的微米级沟槽，而且还会导致粗糙而亲水的表面。SLA + HT处理对细胞粘附和扩散具有最佳效果。在SLA + HT组中，发现ALP活性和包括Alp，Ocn，Opn，Runx2和Bsp的成骨基因以及p38的磷酸化水平显着升高，而ERK磷酸化则没有。总之，喷砂，酸蚀和Ti的水热处理可调节成骨细胞的分化，而MAPK p38信号通路的激活是其机制。在SLA + HT组中，发现ALP活性和包括Alp，Ocn，Opn，Runx2和Bsp的成骨基因以及p38的磷酸化水平显着升高，而ERK磷酸化则没有。总之，喷砂，酸蚀和Ti的水热处理可调节成骨细胞的分化，而MAPK p38信号通路的激活是其机制。在SLA + HT组中，发现ALP活性和包括Alp，Ocn，Opn，Runx2和Bsp的成骨基因以及p38的磷酸化水平显着升高，而ERK磷酸化则没有。总之，喷砂，酸蚀和Ti的水热处理可调节成骨细胞的分化，而MAPK p38信号通路的激活是其机制。