We present a detailed report of the connection between long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their accompanying supernovae (SNe). The discussion presented here places emphasis on how observations, and the modelling of observations, have constrained what we know about GRB-SNe. We discuss their photometric and spectroscopic properties, their role as cosmological probes, including their measured luminosity–decline relationships, and how they can be used to measure the Hubble constant. We present a statistical summary of their bolometric properties and use this to determine the properties of the “average” GRB-SN. We discuss their geometry and consider the various physical processes that are thought to power the luminosity of GRB-SNe and whether differences exist between GRB-SNe and the SNe associated with ultra-long-duration GRBs. We discuss how observations of their environments further constrain the physical properties of their progenitor stars and give a brief overview of the current theoretical paradigms of their central engines. We then present an overview of the radioactively powered transients that have been photometrically associated with short-duration GRBs, and we conclude by discussing what additional research is needed to further our understanding of GRB-SNe, in particular the role of binary-formation channels and the connection of GRB-SNe with superluminous SNe.

中文翻译：

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伽玛射线爆发超新星连接的观察者指南

我们提出了长时间伽马射线爆发（GRB）与它们伴随的超新星（SNe）之间的联系的详细报告。这里提出的讨论着重于观察和观察的建模如何限制了我们对GRB-SNe的了解。我们讨论了它们的光度和光谱特性，它们作为宇宙探针的作用，包括它们的光度-下降关系，以及如何将其用于测量哈勃常数。我们提供了它们的辐射热特性的统计摘要，并以此来确定“平均” GRB-SN的特性。我们讨论了它们的几何形状，并考虑了各种物理过程，这些物理过程被认为可以增强GRB-SNe的发光度，以及GRB-SNe和与超长期GRB相关的SNe之间是否存在差异。我们讨论了对它们周围环境的观察如何进一步限制其祖先恒星的物理特性，并简要概述了其中央引擎的当前理论范式。然后，我们概述了与短时GRB进行光度学关联的放射性瞬变，并通过讨论需要做哪些进一步的研究来加深对GRB-SNe的理解，特别是二进制形成通道和GRB-SNe与超发光SNe的连接。