The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in March 2011 resulted in the contamination of Japanese landscapes with radioactive fallout. Accordingly, the Japanese authorities decided to conduct extensive remediation activities in the impacted region to allow for the relatively rapid return of the local population. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the decontamination strategies and their potential effectiveness in Japan, focussing on particle-bound radiocesium. In the Fukushima Prefecture, the decision was taken to decontaminate the fallout-impacted landscapes in November 2011 for the 11 municipalities evacuated after the accident (Special Decontamination Zone – SDZ – 1117 km²) and for the 40 non-evacuated municipalities affected by lower, although still significant, levels of radioactivity (Intensive Contamination Survey Areas, 7836 km²). Decontamination activities predominantly targeted agricultural landscapes and residential areas. No decontamination activities are currently planned for the majority of forested areas, which cover ∼75 % of the main fallout-impacted region. Research investigating the effectiveness of decontamination activities underlined the need to undertake concerted actions at the catchment scale to avoid renewed contamination from the catchment headwaters after the completion of remediation activities. Although the impact of decontamination on the radioactive dose rates for the local population remains a subject of debate in the literature and in the local communities, outdoor workers in the SDZ represent a group of the local population that may exceed the long-term dosimetric target of 1 mSv yr⁻¹. Decontamination activities generated ∼20 million m³ of soil waste by early 2019. The volume of waste generated by decontamination may be decreased through incineration of combustible material and recycling of the less contaminated soil for civil engineering structures. However, most of this material will have to be stored for ∼30 years at interim facilities opened in 2017 in the vicinity of the FDNPP before being potentially transported to final disposal sites outside of the Fukushima Prefecture. Further research is required to investigate the perennial contribution of radiocesium from forest sources. In addition, the re-cultivation of farmland after decontamination raises additional questions associated with the fertility of remediated soils and the potential transfer of residual radiocesium to the plants. Overall, we believe it is important to synthesise the remediation lessons learnt following the FDNPP nuclear accident, which could be fundamental if a similar catastrophe occurs somewhere on Earth in the future.

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福岛核事故后景观净化的有效性：回顾

2011年3月，福岛第一核电站（FDNPP）事故导致日本景观受到放射性尘埃的污染。因此，日本当局决定在受灾地区进行广泛的补救活动，以使当地居民能够相对迅速地返回。这篇综述的目的是概述去污策略及其在日本的潜在有效性，重点放在结合颗粒的放射性铯上。在福岛县，2011年11月决定对事故发生后撤离的11个城市（受特别污染区域– SDZ – 1117 km ^2）进行消去污染影响的景观的决定。）和受放射性水平较低（尽管仍然很大）影响的40个未疏散城市（密集污染调查区，7836 km ²）。净化活动主要针对农业景观和居民区。目前不计划对覆盖约75个森林的大部分森林地区进行除污活动 主要影响影响区域的百分比。对去污活动有效性进行的研究强调，有必要在流域规模上采取协调一致的行动，以避免在整治活动结束后流域上游水源再次产生污染。尽管去污对当地居民放射性剂量率的影响仍然是文献和当地社区的争论主题，但SDZ的户外工作人员仍代表着当地居民群体，可能超过长期剂量目标1 mSv yr ^-1。去污活动所产生的约20 万立方米³到2019年初减少土壤废物。通过焚化可燃材料和将污染程度较低的土土用于土木工程结构，可以减少由去污产生的废物量。但是，大多数这种材料将不得不存储 约30 于2017年在FDNPP附近开放的临时设施中运行了多年，之后有可能被运到福岛县以外的最终处置场址。需要进一步的研究以调查森林资源中放射性铯的长期贡献。此外，去污后的耕地再耕还带来了其他问题，这些问题与被修复的土壤的肥力以及残留的放射性铯向植物的潜在转移有关。总体而言，我们认为，重要的是要综合FDNPP核事故后汲取的补救经验，如果将来在地球上某处发生类似的灾难，这可能是至关重要的。