A variety of processes were reported for efficient removing of heavy metal from wastewater, including but not limited to ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, flotation, coagulation, chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, electrochemical treatments, evaporation, oxidation, adsorption, and biosorption. Among the aforementioned techniques, adsorption/ion exchange has been known as a most important method for removing heavy metal ions and organic pollutants due to great removal performance, simple and easy process, cost-effectiveness and the considerable choice of adsorbent materials.

Nanotechnology and its applications have been developed in most branches of science and technology. Extensive studies have been conducted to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater by preparation and applications of various nanomaterials. Nanomaterials offer advantages in comparison to other materials including an extremely high specific surface area, low-temperature modification, short intraparticle diffusion distance, numerous associated sorption sites, tunable surface chemistry, and pore size. In order to evaluate an adsorbent, two key parameters are: the adsorption capacity and the desorption property. The adsorption parameters including the absorbent loading, pH and temperature, concentration of heavy metal ion, ionic strength, and competition among metal ions are often studied and optimized.

Several reviews have been published on the application of Graphene (G), Graphene Oxide (GO) in water treatment. In this minireview, we attempted to summarize the recent research advances in water treatment and remediation process by graphene-based materials and provide intensive knowledge of the removal of pollutants in batch and flow systems. Finally, future applicability perspectives are offered to encourage more interesting developments in this promising field. This minireview does not include patent literature.

据报道，有多种方法可有效去除废水中的重金属，包括但不限于离子交换，反渗透，膜过滤，浮选，凝聚，化学沉淀，溶剂萃取，电化学处理，蒸发，氧化，吸附和生物吸附。 。在上述技术中，吸附/离子交换由于其优异的去除性能，简单易行的工艺，成本效益以及吸附剂材料的大量选择而被公认为是最重要的去除重金属离子和有机污染物的方法。

纳米技术及其应用已在大多数科学和技术领域得到发展。通过各种纳米材料的制备和应用，已经进行了广泛的研究以去除废水中的重金属离子。与其他材料相比，纳米材料具有很多优势，包括极高的比表面积，低温改性，较短的粒子内扩散距离，众多相关的吸附位点，可调节的表面化学性质和孔径。为了评估吸附剂，两个关键参数是：吸附容量和解吸性能。经常研究和优化包括吸附剂负载，pH和温度，重金属离子浓度，离子强度以及金属离子之间竞争的吸附参数。

关于石墨烯（G），氧化石墨烯（GO）在水处理中的应用已经发表了一些评论。在此小型审查中，我们试图总结基于石墨烯的材料在水处理和修复过程中的最新研究进展，并提供有关批处理和流动系统中污染物去除的深入知识。最后，提供了未来的适用性观点，以鼓励这一有前途的领域中更有趣的发展。本小型审查不包括专利文献。