Critical conservation issues such as bushmeat hunting, which exist in complex social, political, and policy landscapes, require the incorporation of diverse sources of knowledge as a key aspect of decision making. We demonstrate the utilization of both individual and collective stakeholder knowledge to contribute toward decision making. We used fuzzy cognitive mapping in a twostage process to investigate bushmeat hunting and consumption in Malawi as a case study, and arrived at models of the bushmeat hunting and consumption systems in the form of cognitive maps. We also explored the effect of three different intervention scenarios, namely wildlife farming, microenterprise initiatives, and ecotourism. We found that the concept of hunting was perceived as more complex than consumption, and that poverty, human population, and political will were shared as important drivers of both issues. The two-stage process we used indicated that individual and group phases were equally important. Key concepts were drawn out during the individual elicitation stage, while the participatory group phase allowed nuanced understanding of many of these concepts. We found that wildlife farming was predicted to be the most effective scenario for meeting many of the key state outcomes for both hunting and consumption. These results provide an example of using fuzzy cognitive mapping in a multistage process and illustrate its utility for arriving at decisions regarding interventions in complex social-ecological systems.

中文翻译：

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使用模糊认知图和利益相关者知识了解非洲大草原的丛林肉狩猎危机

在复杂的社会、政治和政策环境中存在诸如丛林肉狩猎之类的关键保护问题，需要将各种知识来源纳入决策的一个关键方面。我们展示了利用个人和集体利益相关者的知识来为决策做出贡献。我们在两阶段过程中使用模糊认知映射作为案例研究调查马拉维的丛林肉狩猎和消费，并以认知地图的形式得出丛林肉狩猎和消费系统的模型。我们还探讨了三种不同干预方案的影响，即野生动物养殖、微型企业倡议和生态旅游。我们发现狩猎的概念被认为比消费更复杂，贫困、人口、政治意愿是这两个问题的重要驱动因素。我们使用的两阶段过程表明个人阶段和小组阶段同等重要。关键概念是在个人启发阶段得出的，而参与式小组阶段则允许对这些概念中的许多概念进行细微的理解。我们发现，野生动物养殖被预测是满足狩猎和消费的许多关键国家成果的最有效方案。这些结果提供了一个在多阶段过程中使用模糊认知映射的例子，并说明了它在做出关于复杂社会生态系统干预决策的效用。关键概念是在个人启发阶段得出的，而参与式小组阶段则允许对这些概念中的许多概念进行细微的理解。我们发现，野生动物养殖被预测是满足狩猎和消费的许多关键国家成果的最有效方案。这些结果提供了一个在多阶段过程中使用模糊认知映射的例子，并说明了它在做出关于复杂社会生态系统干预决策的效用。关键概念是在个人启发阶段得出的，而参与式小组阶段则允许对这些概念中的许多概念进行细微的理解。我们发现，野生动物养殖被预测是满足狩猎和消费的许多关键国家成果的最有效方案。这些结果提供了一个在多阶段过程中使用模糊认知映射的例子，并说明了它在做出关于复杂社会生态系统干预决策的效用。